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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (1,344)
      • Faculty Publications  (223)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      The Extent and Drivers of Internal Agglomeration of U.S. Multi-Unit Firms

      By: Juan Alcácer and Jasmina Chauvin
      This paper examines the extent and determinants of internal agglomeration—the spatial clustering of establishments within firms. It introduces a novel methodology that benchmarks a firm’s spatial footprint against that of comparable stand-alone firms, yielding a... View Details
      Keywords: Multi-unit Firms; Agglomeration; Spatial Organization; Economies Of Scope; Organizational Design; Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Business Units
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Jasmina Chauvin. "The Extent and Drivers of Internal Agglomeration of U.S. Multi-Unit Firms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 26-002, July 2025.
      • May 2025 (Revised June 2025)
      • Background Note

      Social Enterprise in Latin America

      By: Brian L. Trelstad and Karina Souza
      This research note provides an overview of the social enterprise ecosystem in Latin America, exploring current dynamics across key markets, including country-specific insights on Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Central America. In a region characterized... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Developing Countries and Economies; Social Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Ownership; Social Enterprise; Business Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Microfinance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Guatemala; Central America; Peru; Uruguay
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      Trelstad, Brian L., and Karina Souza. "Social Enterprise in Latin America." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-117, May 2025. (Revised June 2025.)
      • May 2025
      • Article

      Argentina’s Disinflation: An International and Historical Perspective

      By: Rafael Di Tella, Franco Nuñez and Pablo Ottonello
      Keywords: Inflation and Deflation; Economy; Argentina
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      Di Tella, Rafael, Franco Nuñez, and Pablo Ottonello. "Argentina’s Disinflation: An International and Historical Perspective." Quarterly Review - Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 45, no. 1 (May 2025).
      • 2025
      • Report

      High Stakes: A Framework for Geopolitical Risk Management

      By: Meg Rithmire and David Fagan
      This report provides a data-based assessment of how U.S. companies perceive geopolitical risk and articulates a recommended decision-making process and framework to manage such risk. The research reflected in the report indicates that various concerns related to China... View Details
      Keywords: Globalization; International Relations; Business or Company Management; Risk Management
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      Rithmire, Meg, and David Fagan. "High Stakes: A Framework for Geopolitical Risk Management." Report, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation, Washington, DC, USA, 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      The Political Economy of Firm Networks: CEO Ideology and Global Trade

      By: Elisabeth Kempf, Mancy Luo and Margarita Tsoutsoura
      We examine how the political ideology of corporate leaders shapes cross-border firm networks. Exploiting changes in ideological alignment between U.S. firm CEOs and foreign governments around close foreign elections, we show that U.S. firms are more likely to... View Details
      Keywords: Global Trade; Firm Networks; Political Ideology; Elections; Political Economy; Political Elections; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Trade
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      Kempf, Elisabeth, Mancy Luo, and Margarita Tsoutsoura. "The Political Economy of Firm Networks: CEO Ideology and Global Trade." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-050, April 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Doing Business in Kigali, Rwanda

      By: Andy Zelleke, Martin A. Sinozich, Julianne Bliss and Choetsow Tenzin
      Rwanda’s transformation from a post-genocide recovery effort to one of Africa’s fastest-growing economies presents a compelling case for investors and business leaders. With an ambitious Vision 2050 strategy, Kigali has emerged as a regional hub for trade, innovation,... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; International Relations; Government and Politics; Foreign Direct Investment; Culture; Transformation; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Rwanda
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      Zelleke, Andy, Martin A. Sinozich, Julianne Bliss, and Choetsow Tenzin. "Doing Business in Kigali, Rwanda." Harvard Business School Case 325-087, February 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      DJI- Striving for Innovation Amid Contestation

      By: William C. Kirby and Daniel Fu
      DJI was founded in a college dorm room in Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong. By 2020, DJI, a company manufacturing drones, occupied a 77% share of consumer drone sales in the United States with a wide array of clients including law enforcement and government agencies. Its... View Details
      Keywords: Drones; Hong Kong; China; Chinese Manufacturing; Chinese Dream; China's Political Economy; International Relations; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Cybersecurity; Conflict and Resolution; Market Entry and Exit; Manufacturing Industry; Hong Kong; China
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      Kirby, William C., and Daniel Fu. "DJI- Striving for Innovation Amid Contestation." Harvard Business School Case 325-069, January 2025. (Revised March 2025.)
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Cairo: Navigating a Path to Economic Resilience

      By: A. Zelleke and Ahmed Dahawy
      Egypt has long been a pivotal force in the Middle East and North Africa. Located at a crossroads of global trade routes, the country was a strategic partner for numerous regional and global powers. However, a substantial currency devaluation in 2016 brought many... View Details
      Keywords: Business; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Inflation and Deflation; Macroeconomics; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Globalized Economies and Regions; International Relations; Emerging Markets; Risk and Uncertainty; Culture; Economy; Country; Currency; Investment; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Egypt
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      Zelleke, A., and Ahmed Dahawy. "Doing Business in Cairo: Navigating a Path to Economic Resilience." Harvard Business School Case 325-090, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle

      By: Raymond Kluender and Emanuele Colonnelli
      In November 2024, Jim Chu, founder and CEO of Untapped Global, faced mounting internal tensions over the company’s strategic direction. Untapped had developed a data-driven revenue-based financing (RBF) model to address the “missing middle” problem—the $5.2 trillion... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Working Capital; Private Equity; Financial Strategy; Microfinance; International Finance; Currency Exchange Rate; Profit Sharing; Revenue; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Mission and Purpose; Small Business; Entrepreneurial Finance; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Nigeria; South Africa; Kenya; Uganda; California; San Francisco
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      Kluender, Raymond, and Emanuele Colonnelli. "Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle." Harvard Business School Case 825-056, January 2025.
      • November 5, 2024
      • Article

      The International Empirics of Management

      By: Daniela Scur, Scott Ohlmacher, John Van Reenen, Morten Bennedsen, Nick Bloom, Ali Choudhary, Lucia Foster, Jesse Groenewegen, Arti Grover, Sjoerd Hardeman, Leonardo Iacovone, Ryo Kambayashi, Marie-Christine Laible, Renata Lemos, Hongbin Li, Andrea Linarello, Mika Maliranta, Denis Medvedev, Charlotte Meng, John Miles Touya, Natalia Mandirola, Roope Ohlsbom, Atsushi Ohyama, Megha Patnaik, Mariana Pereira-López, Raffaella Sadun, Tatsuro Senga, Franklin Qian and Florian Zimmermann
      A country’s national income broadly depends on the quantity and quality of workers and capital. But how well these factors are managed within and between firms may be a key determinant of a country’s productivity and its GDP. Although social scientists have long... View Details
      Keywords: Performance Productivity; Economy; Management Practices and Processes
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      Scur, Daniela, Scott Ohlmacher, John Van Reenen, Morten Bennedsen, Nick Bloom, Ali Choudhary, Lucia Foster, Jesse Groenewegen, Arti Grover, Sjoerd Hardeman, Leonardo Iacovone, Ryo Kambayashi, Marie-Christine Laible, Renata Lemos, Hongbin Li, Andrea Linarello, Mika Maliranta, Denis Medvedev, Charlotte Meng, John Miles Touya, Natalia Mandirola, Roope Ohlsbom, Atsushi Ohyama, Megha Patnaik, Mariana Pereira-López, Raffaella Sadun, Tatsuro Senga, Franklin Qian, and Florian Zimmermann. "The International Empirics of Management." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, no. 45 (November 5, 2024).
      • 2024
      • Chapter

      What Future for the Renminbi in the Global Monetary System?

      By: Edoardo Campanella and Meg Rithmire
      What is a realistic and positive outcome for US-China relations in the realm of global finance over the next ten years? While some policymakers, especially in the US, have feared that China holds ambitions for the renminbi (RMB) to replace the dollar as a global... View Details
      Keywords: International Relations; Currency; Macroeconomics; Globalized Economies and Regions; China; United States
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      Campanella, Edoardo, and Meg Rithmire. "What Future for the Renminbi in the Global Monetary System?" Chap. 7 in U.S.-China Relations for the 2030s: Toward a Realistic Scenario for Coexistence, edited by Chris Chivvis, C. Fred Bergsten, Edoardo Campanella, John Culver, Rosemary Foot, M. Taylor Fravel, Eric Heginbotham, Evan S. Medeiros, Meg Rithmire, George Perkovich, Stephen M. Walt, Stephen Wertheim, and Audrye Wong, 67–78. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2024.
      • October 2024 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Citizens of the World: The International Legacy of Gloria von Thurn und Taxis

      By: Lauren Cohen, Maximilian Form and Sophia Pan
      When her husband passed away and inheritance taxes struck, Princess Gloria von Thurn und Taxis took decisive action to preserve her family’s fortune and legacy. The Thurn und Taxis family, one of Europe’s oldest aristocratic dynasties, had built their wealth through... View Details
      Keywords: Family Office; Real Estate; Legacy; International Business; Family Business; Economy; Macroeconomics; Financial Crisis; Financial Liquidity; Investment; Global Strategy; Reputation; Diversification; Wealth; Taxation; Germany
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      Cohen, Lauren, Maximilian Form, and Sophia Pan. "Citizens of the World: The International Legacy of Gloria von Thurn und Taxis." Harvard Business School Case 225-038, October 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Other Unpublished Work

      A Proposal for the IMF: A New Instrument of International Liquidity Provision for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies

      By: Laura Alfaro, Guillermo Calvo, José de Gregorio, Augusto de la Torre, Pablo Guidotti, Enrique Mendoza, Ernesto Talvi, Liliana Rojas-Suarez and Andrés Velasco
      This paper addresses a critical flaw in the international financial system: the failure to address the inherent asymmetry between countries that issue reserve currencies and those that do not, leaving the latter vulnerable during systemic liquidity crises. We propose... View Details
      Keywords: Macroeconomics; Emerging Markets; Financial Markets; International Finance; Developing Countries and Economies; Latin America
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      Alfaro, Laura, Guillermo Calvo, José de Gregorio, Augusto de la Torre, Pablo Guidotti, Enrique Mendoza, Ernesto Talvi, Liliana Rojas-Suarez, and Andrés Velasco. "A Proposal for the IMF: A New Instrument of International Liquidity Provision for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies." Comité Latinoamericano de Asuntos Financieros (CLAAF) Statement, 345, October 2024.
      • September 2024
      • Case

      The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

      By: Meg Rithmire, Hong Zhang and Salaar A. Shaikh
      Since the launch of CPEC, two of Pakistan’s Prime Ministers had been removed from office, one by the Supreme Court and the other in a no confidence vote. Historic floods had underscored the country’s vulnerability to climate change, and the country had agreed to two... View Details
      Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Macroeconomics; Climate Change; Financing and Loans; Government Administration; International Relations; Political Elections; Projects; China; Pakistan
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      Rithmire, Meg, Hong Zhang, and Salaar A. Shaikh. "The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." Harvard Business School Case 725-007, September 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Laura Alfaro, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Pedro Levindo
      The case gives readers an overview of key factors of doing business in Brazil, including Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until 2023, when leftist President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was sworn in for his third term, after the most polarized... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; International Relations; Political Elections; Taxation; Consumer Behavior; Brazil; Latin America; Sao Paulo
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      Alfaro, Laura, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 324-079, March 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • February 21, 2024
      • Article

      The NFT Staircase: How Digital Ownership Benefits Brands and Consumers

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and Steve Kaczynski
      One of our goals with our new book, The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create, is to unlock the power of nonfungible tokens, or NFTs, for business. National and international brands are already using NFTs in some of... View Details
      Keywords: Non-fungible Tokens; NFTs; Brand; Brand Building; Digitization; Metaverse; Tokenization; Crypto Economy; Blockchain; Market Design; Brands and Branding; Value Creation
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and Steve Kaczynski. "The NFT Staircase: How Digital Ownership Benefits Brands and Consumers." a16zcrypto.com (February 21, 2024).
      • 2024
      • Chapter

      The Private Economy Under Party-State Capitalism

      By: Margaret M. Pearson, Meg Rithmire and Kellee S. Tsai
      This chapter addresses the evolution of China’s approach to the private sector from the early reform era until the beginning of Xi Jinping’s third term. It argues that China has evolved from a familiar form of state capitalism, in which economic growth is the primary... View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; International Relations; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economic Systems; China
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      Pearson, Margaret M., Meg Rithmire, and Kellee S. Tsai. "The Private Economy Under Party-State Capitalism." Chap. 3 in Chinese Politics: The Xi Jinping Difference. 2nd edition edited by Stanley Rosen and Daniel C. Lynch, 67–82. Routledge, 2024.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Financial and Informational Integration Through Oracle Networks

      By: Lin William Cong, Eswar Prasad and Daniel Rabetti
      Oracles are software components that enable data exchange between siloed blockchains and external environments, enhancing smart contract capabilities and platform interoperability. We find that oracle integration is positively associated with total value locked and... View Details
      Keywords: Decentralized Finance; Blockchain; Smart Contract; International Economy; Interoperability; Risk Sharing; Applications and Software; Financial Markets; Economics; Risk Management
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      Cong, Lin William, Eswar Prasad, and Daniel Rabetti. "Financial and Informational Integration Through Oracle Networks." Working Paper, December 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Gabon Special Economic Zone

      By: John Macomber and Wale Lawal
      Tropical rain forest covers about 80% of the West African nation of Gabon, part of the Congo Basin and the "lungs of the world." Gabon is one of the first nations to earn revenue from carbon sequestration...as long as the rain forest remains intact. There are... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Development; Forestry; Wood; Carbon Credits; Supply Chain; Economic Growth; Developing Countries and Economies; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Government Administration; Business and Government Relations; Strategy; Forest Products Industry; Africa; Gabon
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      Macomber, John, and Wale Lawal. "Gabon Special Economic Zone." Harvard Business School Case 224-012, November 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Deglobalization and Entrepreneurial Investment: The Natural Experiment of Brexit

      By: Elisa Alvarez-Garrido and Juan Alcácer
      We seek to gain insight into the consequences of deglobalization on entrepreneurial investment by analyzing an instance of economic disintegration: the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union. Brexit is not only a unique empirical opportunity, a natural... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurial Finance; International Relations; Trade; Disruption; Globalized Economies and Regions; United Kingdom
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      Alvarez-Garrido, Elisa, and Juan Alcácer. "Deglobalization and Entrepreneurial Investment: The Natural Experiment of Brexit." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-017, August 2023.
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