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      • 2021
      • Chapter

      Business Continuity Insurance in the Next Disaster

      By: Samuel Gregory Hanson, Adi Sunderam and Eric Zwick
      This article draws lessons from the business support policies pursued in the COVID-19 pandemic to guide policy design for the next disaster. We contrast the performance of the Paycheck Protection Program to the Main Street Lending Program to illustrate how design... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Policy; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Financing and Loans; United States
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      Hanson, Samuel Gregory, Adi Sunderam, and Eric Zwick. "Business Continuity Insurance in the Next Disaster." In Rebuilding the Post-Pandemic Economy, edited by Melissa S. Kearney and Amy Ganz, 52–77. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute, 2021.
      • November 2021 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      The Global Great Depression, 1929-1939

      By: Alberto Cavallo, Sophus A. Reinert and Federica Gabrieli
      The Great Depression was, by far, the worst economic contraction of the twentieth century, and some of the most important ideas about both fiscal and monetary policy in the second half of the century were developed in response to it. The economic collapse, which... View Details
      Keywords: Great Depression; Economic Conditions; Unemployment; Homelessness; Financial Crisis; History; Economy; Policy; Poverty; Social Issues; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation
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      Cavallo, Alberto, Sophus A. Reinert, and Federica Gabrieli. "The Global Great Depression, 1929-1939." Harvard Business School Case 722-034, November 2021. (Revised January 2024.)
      • November 2021 (Revised May 2022)
      • Case

      West Virginia: Finding the Right Path Forward

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl, Christine Keung and Reggie Smith
      Once at the center of the American economy, the state of West Virginia had seen decades of decline as its coal industry fell on hard times. With beautiful but challenging topography, a proud but shrinking population, and a new scourge of the opioid epidemic, the... View Details
      Keywords: Population Health; Geographic Location; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Problems and Challenges; Social Issues; West Virginia
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C., Christine Keung, and Reggie Smith. "West Virginia: Finding the Right Path Forward." Harvard Business School Case 722-024, November 2021. (Revised May 2022.)
      • November 2021 (Revised November 2023)
      • Case

      Hitting Home: Amazon and Mary's Place

      By: Paul M. Healy, Debora L. Spar and Amy Klopfenstein
      In 2020, Amazon, the $386 billion online retail behemoth, built an eight-story shelter for women and families experiencing homelessness on its expanding headquarters in Seattle, Washington. The shelter, operated in partnership with a non-profit organization known as... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ethics; Homelessness; Business And Society; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Corporate Accountability; Urban Development; Society; Information Technology; Ethics; Technology Industry; Seattle; United States; North America
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      Healy, Paul M., Debora L. Spar, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Hitting Home: Amazon and Mary's Place." Harvard Business School Case 122-017, November 2021. (Revised November 2023.)
      • November 2021 (Revised January 2022)
      • Case

      KFA, Inc.: Building the Future

      By: Lynda M. Applegate and Elizabeth M. Adams
      In 2021, Greg Bush, Jr., owner, president, and CEO of KFA, Inc. is working with his leadership team to plan for the future. KFA provides consulting services on software and project management needs for infrastructure projects. Bush and his team have just debuted a new... View Details
      Keywords: Small Business; Communication Technology; Developing Countries and Economies; Growth and Development Strategy; Infrastructure; Consulting Industry; Information Technology Industry; Chicago; United States
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      Applegate, Lynda M., and Elizabeth M. Adams. "KFA, Inc.: Building the Future." Harvard Business School Case 822-046, November 2021. (Revised January 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Chapter

      Digital Infrastructure

      By: Shane Greenstein
      What determines the supply of innovative digital infrastructure and how does variance in supply shape the performance of digital services? The essay reviews research into the economic impact of deployment, innovation, and adoption of digital infrastructure. It... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Infrastructure; Economics; Policy; Research; Analysis; United States
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      Greenstein, Shane. "Digital Infrastructure." In Economic Analysis and Infrastructure Investment, edited by Edward L. Glaeser and James Poterba. National Bureau of Economic Research, and University of Chicago Press, 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Business of K-12 Education in China

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Yuhai Wu
      This working paper examines the evolution of K-12 education in China, especially between 1985 and the present day, drawing extensive interviews with participants in the educational sector. China has been hugely successful in reaching almost 100 percent literacy,... View Details
      Keywords: K-12 Education; China; Real Estate; Early Childhood Education; Performance Evaluation; Teaching; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Personal Development and Career; Social Issues; Nonprofit Organizations; Private Sector; Education Industry; Real Estate Industry; China
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Yuhai Wu. "The Business of K-12 Education in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-022, October 2021.
      • 2021
      • Chapter

      The Economic and Political Effects of Immigration: Evidence from the Age of Mass Migration

      By: Marco Tabellini
      Between 1850 and 1920, during the Age of Mass Migration, more than 30 million Europeans moved to the United States. European immigrants provided ample supply of cheap labor as well as specific skills and know-how, contributing to American economic growth. These... View Details
      Keywords: Age Of Mass Migration; Political Ideology; Political Economy; Assimilation; Immigration; Economics; History; United States
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      Tabellini, Marco. "The Economic and Political Effects of Immigration: Evidence from the Age of Mass Migration." In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, edited by Jonathan H. Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2021. Electronic.
      • September 2021 (Revised October 2022)
      • Supplement

      Hester Pharmaceuticals (B): Securing Supply

      By: Dante Roscini and John Masko
      Supplements the (A) case. In late 2020, demand for Hester Pharmaceutical’s (Hester’s) breakthrough oncology drug Akrozumab was outstripping the company’s most optimistic projections. In order to increase manufacturing capacity and meet the demand, Hester was... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Cost vs Benefits; Trade; Supply Chain; Global Strategy; Buildings and Facilities; Operations; Health Care and Treatment; Demand and Consumers; Global Range; Globalized Markets and Industries; Pharmaceutical Industry; Italy; China; United States; Germany
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      Roscini, Dante, and John Masko. "Hester Pharmaceuticals (B): Securing Supply." Harvard Business School Supplement 722-009, September 2021. (Revised October 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Case

      Leading Through Challenging Times: Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms

      By: Michael Norris, Rawi Abdelal and Kimberlyn Leary
      Keisha Lance Bottoms took office as Mayor of Atlanta in 2018 with a progressive agenda and hopes to “keep Atlanta moving forward, leaving no one behind.” She was an Atlanta native, had previously served as a local judge and city councilor, and came into office with... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; City; Problems and Challenges; Health Pandemics; Social Issues; Economy; Atlanta; United States
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      Norris, Michael, Rawi Abdelal, and Kimberlyn Leary. "Leading Through Challenging Times: Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms." Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative Case 0036TC, 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Changing Role of Business in Society

      By: Michael E. Porter
      Business interaction with the U.S. government, historically based on securing industry or company special interests at the expense of the public good, has enabled and furthered government dysfunction. Gridlock within the American political system has precluded the... View Details
      Keywords: Politics; Shared Value; Social Progress Index; Competitiveness; Walmart; BlackRock; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG; Transparency; Campaign Contributions; Campaign Finance; Lobbying; Revolving Door; Political Ideology; Political Parties; Political Partisanship; Government And Business; Government Innovation; Elections; Democracy; Capitalism; Stakeholder Capitalism; Shareholder Engagement; Competition; Strategy; Government and Politics; Society; Social Issues; Human Needs; Wealth and Poverty; Business and Community Relations; Business and Government Relations; Corporate Accountability; Financial Services Industry; Banking Industry; United States
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      Porter, Michael E. "The Changing Role of Business in Society." Working Paper, July 2021.
      • May 2021
      • Case

      André Hoffmann: Beyond Philanthropy

      By: Lauren Cohen, Hao Gao, Jiawei Ye and Spencer C.N. Hagist
      André Hoffmann is a leader of one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies. His exceptional tenure in philanthropy over the past several decades, including being president of the WWF and the vice-president of the MAVA Foundation, has allowed him access to a far... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Restructuring; Social Entrepreneurship; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Cash Flow; Macroeconomics; Ethics; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Switzerland; United States; Japan
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      Cohen, Lauren, Hao Gao, Jiawei Ye, and Spencer C.N. Hagist. "André Hoffmann: Beyond Philanthropy." Harvard Business School Case 221-093, May 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Getting Schooled: The Role of Universities in Attracting Immigrant Entrepreneurs

      By: Natee Amornsiripanitch, Paul A. Gompers, George Hu and Kaushik Vasudevan
      Immigrant founders of venture capital-backed companies have been critical to the entrepreneurial ecosystem. We document the channels through which immigrant founders find their way to the United States and how those channels have changed over time. Immigrants have been... View Details
      Keywords: Immigrants; Entrepreneurial Ecosystem; Higher Education; Immigration; Entrepreneurship
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      Amornsiripanitch, Natee, Paul A. Gompers, George Hu, and Kaushik Vasudevan. "Getting Schooled: The Role of Universities in Attracting Immigrant Entrepreneurs." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28773, May 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Property Rights and Urban Form

      By: Simeon Djankov, Edward L. Glaeser, Valeria Perotti and Andrei Shleifer
      How do the different elements in the standard bundle of property rights, including those of possession and transfer, influence the shape of cities? This paper incorporates insecure property rights into a standard model of urban land prices and density, and makes... View Details
      Keywords: Property; Rights; City; Development Economics; Global Range
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      Djankov, Simeon, Edward L. Glaeser, Valeria Perotti, and Andrei Shleifer. "Property Rights and Urban Form." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28793, May 2021.
      • April 2021 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Capitalism, Slavery, and Reparations

      By: Sophus A. Reinert and Cary Williams
      The birth of “Modern Economic Growth” constituted a watershed in human history, allowing societies to escape the Malthusian impasse and permanently raise living standards. While the new growth regime had lifted billions of people out of extreme poverty over the last... View Details
      Keywords: Reparations; Living Standards; Poverty; Social Issues; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; Globalized Economies and Regions; Human Needs
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      Reinert, Sophus A., and Cary Williams. "Capitalism, Slavery, and Reparations." Harvard Business School Case 721-044, April 2021. (Revised December 2022.)
      • April 2021 (Revised December 2023)
      • Case

      The Mahindra Group: Leading with Purpose

      By: Ranjay Gulati and Rachna Tahilyani
      India headquartered Mahindra Group is a multibillion-dollar federation of companies operating across the globe. It is ahead of its time in articulating its purpose and mapping its values, something it had first done at inception and then refreshed yet again as ‘Rise’... View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Change Management; Communication Strategy; Family Ownership; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Revenue; Auto Industry; Financial Services Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Technology Industry; Asia; India; Mumbai; South Korea; Italy; United States
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      Gulati, Ranjay, and Rachna Tahilyani. "The Mahindra Group: Leading with Purpose." Harvard Business School Case 421-091, April 2021. (Revised December 2023.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Software and Veiled Value Creation: Illustrations from Server Software Usage

      By: Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Ran Zhuo and Shane Greenstein
      How do you measure the value of a commodity that transacts at a price of zero from an economic standpoint? This study examines the potential for and extent of omission and misattribution in standard approaches to economic accounting with regards to open source... View Details
      Keywords: Server Software; Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Analytics and Data Science; Economics; Value Creation; Measurement and Metrics
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      Murciano-Goroff, Raviv, Ran Zhuo, and Shane Greenstein. "Hidden Software and Veiled Value Creation: Illustrations from Server Software Usage." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28738, April 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Supplement

      Facebook's Libra (B): The Privatization of Money?

      By: Marco Di Maggio, Ethan Rouen, George Serafeim and Amy Klopfenstein
      This case addresses the events that took place following the conclusion of the case “Facebook’s Libra (A): The Privatization of Money?” In October 2019, several months after the conclusion of the A case, multiple members of the Libra Association announced that they... View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Accounting; Economics; Money; Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Policy; Governance Controls; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Information Infrastructure; Technology Industry; Europe; Switzerland; United States; California
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      Di Maggio, Marco, Ethan Rouen, George Serafeim, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Facebook's Libra (B): The Privatization of Money?" Harvard Business School Supplement 121-055, March 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Case

      Yale Investments Office: November 2020

      By: Josh Lerner, Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      David Swensen and the Investments Office staff must decide whether to continue to allocate the bulk of the university's endowment to illiquid investments—hedge funds, private equity, venture capital, real estate, natural resources—given the impact of the COVID-19... View Details
      Keywords: University Endowment; Asset Allocation; Real Estate; Equities; Fixed Income; COVID-19; Asset Management; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Natural Resources; Resource Allocation; Investment; Investment Portfolio; Health Pandemics; Financial Crisis; Financial Services Industry; Real Estate Industry; Energy Industry; Connecticut
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      Lerner, Josh, Jo Tango, and Alys Ferragamo. "Yale Investments Office: November 2020." Harvard Business School Case 821-074, March 2021.
      • March 2021 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      The Trouble with TCE

      By: Vincent Pons, Rafael Di Tella and Galit Goldstein
      Trichloroethylene, or TCE, was a chemical used by tens of thousands of businesses in the United States. It was an affordable tool for many. Yet, TCE had been associated with important health risks, including cancer and autoimmune disease. TCE potentially posed other... View Details
      Keywords: Trichloroethylene; Toxicity; Lobbying; Chemicals; Health Disorders; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Ethics; Business and Government Relations; Chemical Industry; United States
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      Pons, Vincent, Rafael Di Tella, and Galit Goldstein. "The Trouble with TCE." Harvard Business School Case 721-031, March 2021. (Revised January 2023.)
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