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    • All HBS Web  (205)
      • Faculty Publications  (38)

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      • June 2023 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Optimalen Capital

      By: Malcolm Baker, Elisabeth Kempf and Jonathan Wallen
      A new client portfolio manager at a quantitative investment management firm must explain why her firm, Optimalen Capital, has rebalanced a client portfolio with a set of trades that seem unintuitive. In particular, Optimalen has added to its position of Walmart (ticker... View Details
      Keywords: Investments; CAPM; Capital Asset Pricing Model; Investment Portfolio; Asset Pricing
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      Baker, Malcolm, Elisabeth Kempf, and Jonathan Wallen. "Optimalen Capital." Harvard Business School Case 223-099, June 2023. (Revised April 2025.)
      • March 2023
      • Case

      Walmart's Live Better U

      By: Boris Groysberg, Annelena Lobb and Kerry Herman
      Walmart’s Live Better U (LBU) program, which allowed its frontline employees and managers to attend college at Walmart’s expense, had expanded and changed over the course of five years. How could Walmart better develop the program for its associates and use it to meet... View Details
      Keywords: Talent and Talent Management; Compensation and Benefits; Higher Education
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      Groysberg, Boris, Annelena Lobb, and Kerry Herman. "Walmart's Live Better U." Harvard Business School Case 423-057, March 2023.
      • November 2022 (Revised May 2024)
      • Teaching Note

      Walmart USA—Searching for Growth

      By: Maria P. Roche
      This teaching note is the companion to case 722-395 Walmart USA – Searching for Growth. View Details
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      Roche, Maria P. "Walmart USA—Searching for Growth." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 723-390, November 2022. (Revised May 2024.)
      • November 2022 (Revised March 2023)
      • Teaching Note

      Walmart Chile After the Unrest: Doubling Down or Pulling Out?

      By: Vincent Pons, William Mullins and Ruth Costas
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 722-012. View Details
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      Pons, Vincent, William Mullins, and Ruth Costas. "Walmart Chile After the Unrest: Doubling Down or Pulling Out?" Harvard Business School Teaching Note 723-014, November 2022. (Revised March 2023.)
      • May 2022
      • Case

      Grupo Big Exit: Options for Advent and Walmart

      By: Victoria Ivashina, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
      After conducting an impressive turnaround in Walmart’s subsidiary in Brazil, Private Equity firm Advent International has to decide how to exit this investment: through an IPO or selling the business to Carrefour. View Details
      Keywords: Turnaround; Divestiture; Finance; Strategy; Private Equity; Brazil; Latin America
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Grupo Big Exit: Options for Advent and Walmart." Harvard Business School Case 222-086, May 2022.
      • Article

      A 680,000-Person Megastudy of Nudges to Encourage Vaccination in Pharmacies

      By: Katherine L. Milkman, Linnea Gandhi, Mitesh S. Patel, Heather N. Graci, Dena M. Gromet, Hung Ho, Joseph S. Kay, Timothy W. Lee, Jake Rothschild, Jonathan E. Bogard, Ilana Brody, Christopher F. Chabris, Edward Chang, Gretchen B. Chapman, Jennifer E. Dannals, Noah J. Goldstein, Amir Goren, Hal Hershfield, Alex Hirsch, Jillian Hmurovic, Samantha Horn, Dean Karlan, Ariella S. Kristal, Cait Lamberton, Michael N. Meyer, Allison H. Oakes, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Maheen Shermohammed, Jaochim H. Talloen, Caleb Warren, Ashley V. Whillans, Kuldeep N. Yadav, Julian J. Zlatev, Ron Berman, Chalanda N. Evans, Rahul Ladhania, Jens Ludwig, Nina Mazar, Sendhil Mullainathan, Christopher K. Snider, Jann Spiess, Eli Tsukayama, Lyle Ungar, Christophe Van den Bulte, Kevin G. Volpp and Angela L. Duckworth
      Encouraging vaccination is a pressing policy problem. To assess whether text-based reminders can encourage pharmacy vaccination and what kinds of messages work best, we conducted a megastudy. We randomly assigned 689,693 Walmart pharmacy patients to receive one of 22... View Details
      Keywords: Vaccination; Vaccines; Nudges; Communication Strategy; Communication Technology; Consumer Behavior; Health Care and Treatment
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      Milkman, Katherine L., Linnea Gandhi, Mitesh S. Patel, Heather N. Graci, Dena M. Gromet, Hung Ho, Joseph S. Kay, Timothy W. Lee, Jake Rothschild, Jonathan E. Bogard, Ilana Brody, Christopher F. Chabris, Edward Chang, Gretchen B. Chapman, Jennifer E. Dannals, Noah J. Goldstein, Amir Goren, Hal Hershfield, Alex Hirsch, Jillian Hmurovic, Samantha Horn, Dean Karlan, Ariella S. Kristal, Cait Lamberton, Michael N. Meyer, Allison H. Oakes, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Maheen Shermohammed, Jaochim H. Talloen, Caleb Warren, Ashley V. Whillans, Kuldeep N. Yadav, Julian J. Zlatev, Ron Berman, Chalanda N. Evans, Rahul Ladhania, Jens Ludwig, Nina Mazar, Sendhil Mullainathan, Christopher K. Snider, Jann Spiess, Eli Tsukayama, Lyle Ungar, Christophe Van den Bulte, Kevin G. Volpp, and Angela L. Duckworth. "A 680,000-Person Megastudy of Nudges to Encourage Vaccination in Pharmacies." e2115126119. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 6 (February 8, 2022).
      • January 2022
      • Case

      Walmart Goes Global (A)

      By: Juan Alcácer
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Success; Globalized Markets and Industries; Expansion; Market Entry and Exit; Failure; Retail Industry; Germany; China; Argentina; South Korea; Canada; Japan; Brazil; Africa; United Kingdom; United States; Mexico
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      Alcácer, Juan. "Walmart Goes Global (A)." Harvard Business School Case 722-385, January 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Supplement

      Walmart Goes Global (B)

      By: Juan Alcácer
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      Alcácer, Juan. "Walmart Goes Global (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 722-386, January 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Case

      Walmart USA—Searching for Growth

      By: Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Maria P. Roche
      In 2022, Doug McMillon, president and CEO of Walmart, and his team looked back at a difficult but ultimately successful past year. The global pandemic had posed enormous challenges, but the company had weathered the storm successfully, raising same-store sales growth,... View Details
      Keywords: Health Pandemics; Growth and Development Strategy; Sales; Business Strategy; Business and Shareholder Relations; Retail Industry
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      Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Maria P. Roche. "Walmart USA—Searching for Growth." Harvard Business School Case 722-395, January 2022.
      • November 2021 (Revised February 2022)
      • Case

      Advent International and Walmart Brazil's Deal

      By: Victoria Ivashina, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
      Advent International, one of the world’s leading private equity firms, must decide whether to acquire Walmart’s subsidiary in Brazil or not. Although Walmart Brazil is losing cash at a rapid pace, Advent thinks it has a solid plan to recover the company’s finances.... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Acquisition; Decision Making; Risk Management; Retail Industry; Brazil
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Advent International and Walmart Brazil's Deal." Harvard Business School Case 222-047, November 2021. (Revised February 2022.)
      • August 2021 (Revised June 2022)
      • Case

      Walmart Chile After the Unrest: Doubling Down or Pulling Out?

      By: Vincent Pons, William Mullins, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
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      Pons, Vincent, William Mullins, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Walmart Chile After the Unrest: Doubling Down or Pulling Out?" Harvard Business School Case 722-012, August 2021. (Revised June 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Changing Role of Business in Society

      By: Michael E. Porter
      Business interaction with the U.S. government, historically based on securing industry or company special interests at the expense of the public good, has enabled and furthered government dysfunction. Gridlock within the American political system has precluded the... View Details
      Keywords: Politics; Shared Value; Social Progress Index; Competitiveness; Walmart; BlackRock; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG; Transparency; Campaign Contributions; Campaign Finance; Lobbying; Revolving Door; Political Ideology; Political Parties; Political Partisanship; Government And Business; Government Innovation; Elections; Democracy; Capitalism; Stakeholder Capitalism; Shareholder Engagement; Competition; Strategy; Government and Politics; Society; Social Issues; Human Needs; Wealth and Poverty; Business and Community Relations; Business and Government Relations; Corporate Accountability; Financial Services Industry; Banking Industry; United States
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      Porter, Michael E. "The Changing Role of Business in Society." Working Paper, July 2021.
      • November 2020 (Revised March 2023)
      • Case

      Zipline: The World's Largest Drone Delivery Network

      By: Tarun Khanna and George Gonzalez
      Zipline established the world's largest logistics network in Rwanda and Ghana by delivering medical supplies to hospitals via automated drones. The company is now looking to expand in the U.S. and partnered with Walmart to expand into home delivery. Zipline must... View Details
      Keywords: Drones; Business Startups; Expansion; Growth and Development Strategy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; United States; Africa
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      Khanna, Tarun, and George Gonzalez. "Zipline: The World's Largest Drone Delivery Network." Harvard Business School Case 721-366, November 2020. (Revised March 2023.)
      • September 2020
      • Case

      Walmart Health: Scaling During a Pandemic

      By: Robert S. Huckman, Yoonjin Min and Marissa Thiel
      Amidst the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Marcus Obsborne, Vice President for Health and Wellness Transformation at Walmart was planning to scale its new health care clinic business, Walmart Health, to additional locations in Georgia and beyond.... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Health Pandemics; Health; Service Delivery; Growth and Development Strategy; Health Industry; United States; Arkansas; Georgia (state, US); Texas
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      Huckman, Robert S., Yoonjin Min, and Marissa Thiel. "Walmart Health: Scaling During a Pandemic." Harvard Business School Case 621-061, September 2020.
      • February 2020 (Revised June 2020)
      • Background Note

      China Commerce 2020

      By: William R. Kerr, Daniel O'Connor and Nathaniel Schwalb
      China's digital commerce platforms engage billions of consumers daily across a number of routine tasks from banking, retail purchases, travel, gaming, payments, and more. These platforms are the most sophisticated/informed and highest performing/capable in the world.... View Details
      Keywords: Platforms; Strategy; Leadership; E-commerce; Digital Platforms; Retail Industry; Technology Industry; Consumer Products Industry; China
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      Kerr, William R., Daniel O'Connor, and Nathaniel Schwalb. "China Commerce 2020." Harvard Business School Background Note 820-014, February 2020. (Revised June 2020.)
      • February 2020
      • Teaching Note

      Walmart Inc. Takes on Amazon.com

      By: David J. Collis, Andy Wu and Rembrand Koning
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 718-481. View Details
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      Collis, David J., Andy Wu, and Rembrand Koning. "Walmart Inc. Takes on Amazon.com." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 720-437, February 2020.
      • December 2019
      • Case

      Walmart Ecommerce (A): Picking up the Pace

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      This case is an abridged version (part 1 of 2) of "Walmart's Omnichannel Strategy: Revolution or Miscalculation?" HBS Case No. 720-370. The (A) case discusses Walmart's early forays into online retail, as well as improvements made under Doug McMillon beginning in 2014.... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Strategy; Internet and the Web; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Competitive Strategy; Retail Industry; Bentonville; Arkansas; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Karen Elterman. "Walmart Ecommerce (A): Picking up the Pace." Harvard Business School Case 720-425, December 2019.
      • December 2019
      • Case

      Walmart Ecommerce (B): Omnichannel Pursuits

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      This case is an abridged version (part 2 of 2) of "Walmart's Omnichannel Strategy: Revolution or Miscalculation?" HBS Case No. 720-370. The (B) case describes Walmart’s omnichannel strategy in 2018 as it battled Amazon for online retail market share. Walmart aimed to... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Strategy; Internet and the Web; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Competitive Strategy; Retail Industry; Bentonville; Arkansas; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Karen Elterman. "Walmart Ecommerce (B): Omnichannel Pursuits." Harvard Business School Case 720-426, December 2019.
      • Article

      Can Big-Box Retailers Provide Local Health Care?

      By: Robert S. Huckman
      National retailers, most notably Walmart and Best Buy, are making big bets on their ability to fill this need for local health care. At first glance, these moves are a bit surprising given that these companies have not traditionally been focused on health care... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Service Delivery; Local Range; Retail Industry; Health Industry
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      Huckman, Robert S. "Can Big-Box Retailers Provide Local Health Care?" Harvard Business Review (website) (October 25, 2019).
      • September 19, 2019
      • Article

      Walmart CEO’s Decision on Guns Is the Kind of Corporate Courage We Need

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter
      Corporate courage is in short supply. CEOs generally avoid controversial public issues lest disgruntled groups strike back. That’s why Walmart’s actions to limit ammunition sales and advocate for new gun safety legislation mark a significant milestone. CEO Doug... View Details
      Keywords: Gun Policy; Gun Violence; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Leadership; Change; Policy
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. "Walmart CEO’s Decision on Guns Is the Kind of Corporate Courage We Need." CNN.com (September 19, 2019).
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