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      • Faculty Publications  (338)

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      • February 2024
      • Case

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (A): A Comparative Analysis of Climate Actions and Change Enablers in 14 U.S. Cities

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Throughout the early 2000's, emphasis was placed on initiatives to adapt to and mitigate climate action in cities. This series presents overviews (snapshots) of 14 U.S. metropolitan regions to help identify similarities, differences, and opportunities for developing... View Details
      Keywords: Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Renewable; Mobility; City; Climate Change; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Weather; Problems and Challenges; United States; Boston; Detroit; Miami; Minneapolis; St. Paul; Pittsburgh; Seattle; San Jose
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (A): A Comparative Analysis of Climate Actions and Change Enablers in 14 U.S. Cities." Harvard Business School Case 324-080, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B14): San Jose Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Hailey Chen and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; Innovation and Invention; United States; San Jose
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Hailey Chen, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B14): San Jose Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-095, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B3): Chattanooga Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; United States; Tennessee
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B3): Chattanooga Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-084, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B6): Miami Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; United States; Miami
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B6): Miami Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-087, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B7): Milwaukee Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; United States; Wisconsin
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B7): Milwaukee Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-088, February 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      CPP Investments—The Road to Zero

      By: Vikram Gandhi and Radhika Kak
      In February 2022, Canadian Pension Plan (CPP) Investments, the investment management organization that managed funds for the CPP, one of the biggest pension plans in the world, announced a net-zero commitment for its portfolio by 2050. Under its CEO, John Graham, it... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Asset Management; Investment Portfolio; Leading Change; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Services Industry; Canada; California
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      Gandhi, Vikram, and Radhika Kak. "CPP Investments—The Road to Zero." Harvard Business School Case 324-054, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Principles and Content for Downstream Emissions Disclosures

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
      In a previous paper, we proposed the E-liability carbon accounting algorithm for companies to measure and subsequently reduce their own and their suppliers’ emissions. Some investors and stakeholders, however, want companies to also be accountable for downstream... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Disclosure; Carbon Footprint; Climate Change; Measurement and Metrics; Corporate Disclosure; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "Principles and Content for Downstream Emissions Disclosures." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-050, January 2024.
      • February 9, 2024
      • Article

      Addressing Climate Change with Behavioral Science: A Global Intervention Tournament in 63 Countries

      By: Madalina Vlasceanu, Kimberly C. Doell, Joseph B. Bak-Coleman, Boryana Todorova, Michael M. Berkebile-Weinberg, Amit Goldenberg, Eric Shuman and et al.
      Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Policy; Knowledge Sharing; Values and Beliefs
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      Vlasceanu, Madalina, Kimberly C. Doell, Joseph B. Bak-Coleman, Boryana Todorova, Michael M. Berkebile-Weinberg, Amit Goldenberg, Eric Shuman, and et al. "Addressing Climate Change with Behavioral Science: A Global Intervention Tournament in 63 Countries." Science Advances 10, no. 6 (February 9, 2024).
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Generation Investment Management: Sustainable Investing in a Warming World

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, Michael Norris and David Allen
      In September 2021, the sustainable investment firm Generation Investment Management (Generation) considered whether to add Schneider Electric to the focus list of companies in which it was prepared to invest. Dedicated to promoting a sustainable world through its... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainable Investing; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Governance; Private Equity; Public Equity; Financial Markets; Investment Return; Investment Activism; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Institutional Investing; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Services Industry; United Kingdom; England; London
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., Michael Norris, and David Allen. "Generation Investment Management: Sustainable Investing in a Warming World." Harvard Business School Case 324-043, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • 2024
      • Article

      Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities

      By: Shirley Lu and Anya Nakhmurina
      Adaptation is critical in reducing the inevitable impact of climate change. Here we study cities’ adaptation to elevated flood risk by introducing a linguistic measure of adaptation extracted from financial disclosures of 431 US cities over 2013–2020. While cities with... View Details
      Keywords: City; Natural Disasters; Climate Change; Adaptation; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategic Planning
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      Lu, Shirley, and Anya Nakhmurina. "Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities." Art. 43. Communications Earth & Environment 5 (2024).
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      TPG Rise Climate: Deploying 'Climate Capital'

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, David Allen, Sarah Mehta and Shannon Roche
      This case is about TPG Rise Climate, a $7.3 billion climate impact fund launched in 2021 by alternative asset manager TPG. Climate investing is a complex, capital-intensive endeavor; entering it has forced TPG to think and act differently. Relative to other funds, Rise... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Environmental Management; Ownership; Science; Value; Asset Management; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Financial Markets; Financial Services Industry; California; San Francisco; New York (city, NY)
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., David Allen, Sarah Mehta, and Shannon Roche. "TPG Rise Climate: Deploying 'Climate Capital'." Harvard Business School Case 824-077, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      PortageBay and ESG Analytics

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi and Radhika Kak
      In 2023, sustainable investors faced several challenges. The first was the lack of access to standardized and vetted environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data, and equally, the interpretation of this data into investment-useful insights. Reducing reliance on... View Details
      Keywords: ESG Ratings; Investment Funds; Governance; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Radhika Kak. "PortageBay and ESG Analytics." Harvard Business School Case 324-065, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • December 15, 2023
      • Article

      What Every Leader Needs to Know About Carbon Credits

      By: Varsha Ramesh Walsh and Michael W. Toffel
      Many companies have begun to look into credits to offset their emissions as a way to support their net zero goals as their target years get closer and closer. As it stands, the carbon credit market is too small to bear the brunt of reducing companies’ impacts on the... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Credits; Climate; Accounting; Carbon Offsetting; Carbon Abatement; Carbon Emissions; Carbon Footprint; Climate Change; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Regulation
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      Ramesh Walsh, Varsha, and Michael W. Toffel. "What Every Leader Needs to Know About Carbon Credits." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 15, 2023).
      • December 2023 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      Boortmalt: The Master Maltster

      By: Forest Reinhardt, Jose B Alvarez, Damien McLoughlin, Lena Duchene and Emer Moloney
      By May 2023, Boortmalt was the world’s leading producer of malt, with a production capacity of 3 million tonnes, 15% of global market share, and 27 malting plants across five continents. It had recently acquired a major competitor and had sustained an EBITDA growth of... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Mergers and Acquisitions; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Values and Beliefs; Financing and Loans; Employee Relationship Management; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation Leadership; Knowledge Sharing; Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Style; Resource Allocation; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Strategic Planning; Environmental Sustainability; Organizational Culture; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Belgium; Europe
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      Reinhardt, Forest, Jose B Alvarez, Damien McLoughlin, Lena Duchene, and Emer Moloney. "Boortmalt: The Master Maltster." Harvard Business School Case 724-021, December 2023. (Revised July 2024.)
      • December 2023
      • Other Article

      Introduction to the Special Section on Business and Climate Change

      By: Rajesh Chandy, Glen Dowell, Colin Mayer, Erica Plambeck, George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel, L. Beril Toktay and Elke Weber
      Keywords: Climate Change; Adaptation; Policy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Innovation and Invention; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Chandy, Rajesh, Glen Dowell, Colin Mayer, Erica Plambeck, George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel, L. Beril Toktay, and Elke Weber. "Introduction to the Special Section on Business and Climate Change." Management Science 69, no. 12 (December 2023): 7347–7351.
      • November 2023 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      Aviva plc: Examining Net Zero

      By: Peter Tufano, Brian Trelstad and Matteo Gasparini
      The board of Aviva Plc, one of the world’s largest insurers, must review its climate risk exposures and evaluate next steps. Risk experts at the firm have conducted a robust set of analyses prepared for its regulator, the Bank of England, simulating how various climate... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Climate Change; Insurance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Risk Management; Adaptation; Financial Services Industry; Insurance Industry; Europe; United Kingdom
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      Tufano, Peter, Brian Trelstad, and Matteo Gasparini. "Aviva plc: Examining Net Zero." Harvard Business School Case 324-008, November 2023. (Revised July 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised February 2025)
      • Background Note

      Corporate Climate Targets

      By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Companies that are addressing climate change by mitigating their greenhouse gas emissions often set reduction targets. This note describes several types of widely used carbon reduction targets, including carbon neutral, science based, net zero, real zero, and carbon... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Sustainability; Environmental Strategy; Climate Risk; Target-setting; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Accountability; Policy; Measurement and Metrics; Strategic Planning; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Corporate Climate Targets." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-041, November 2023. (Revised February 2025.)
      • November 7, 2023
      • Article

      How Courage Can Help Leaders Stay the Course

      By: Ranjay Gulati
      Keywords: Leadership; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Profit; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Gulati, Ranjay. "How Courage Can Help Leaders Stay the Course." Inc.com (November 7, 2023).
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Prime Coalition: Estimating Climate Impact

      By: Natalia Rigol, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad and Amram Migdal
      A case on CRANE, a tool to help investors and green technology companies estimate the future climate impact of new technologies and products, called emissions reduction potential (ERP). The case includes material on CRANE’s methodology for estimating future carbon... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Environmental Accounting; Analysis; Climate Change; Green Technology; Innovation and Invention; Measurement and Metrics; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Risk and Uncertainty; Nonprofit Organizations; Social Enterprise
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      Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad, and Amram Migdal. "Prime Coalition: Estimating Climate Impact." Harvard Business School Case 824-119, October 2023.
      • October 20, 2023
      • Article

      How ENGOs Can Support Corporate Climate Change Efforts

      By: Michael W. Toffel
      Nearly half of CEOs view climate change as affecting their companies now or within the coming decade, but there is also a wide gap between what CEOs say is progress on tackling climate change and what many of their investors believe are effective actions. Companies... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations
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      Toffel, Michael W. "How ENGOs Can Support Corporate Climate Change Efforts." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 20, 2023).
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