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      • Faculty Publications  (252)

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      • July 2025
      • Case

      Microsoft’s Performance Across Three CEOs

      By: George Serafeim
      This case traces Microsoft’s evolution from its founding through 2024. Students analyze how changes in operating segments both reflected and shaped Microsoft’s strategy, culture, and financial communication. The case provides rich quantitative exhibits (segment... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Accounting; Financial Statement Analysis; Disclosure; Disclosure Strategy; Disclosure Tone; Organizational Transformations; Transformation; AI; Digital; Organizational Change; Accounting; Financial Statements; Strategy; Organizational Structure; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George. "Microsoft’s Performance Across Three CEOs." Harvard Business School Case 125-112, July 2025.
      • June 2025
      • Case

      Accounting for OpenAI at Microsoft

      By: Jonas Heese, Joseph Pacelli, Nicole Zelazko and Michael Norris
      In early 2025, Microsoft was evaluating the impact of its $14 billion investment in OpenAI. As OpenAI’s computing needs expanded, Microsoft positioned Azure as the exclusive provider for training and inference of their large language models. Despite the scale of the... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Financial Reporting; Revenue Recognition; Corporate Finance; Capital; Investment; Revenue; AI and Machine Learning; Valuation; Governance; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; Web Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Heese, Jonas, Joseph Pacelli, Nicole Zelazko, and Michael Norris. "Accounting for OpenAI at Microsoft." Harvard Business School Case 125-118, June 2025.
      • June 2025
      • Article

      Gender Diversity Performance and Voluntary Disclosure: Mind the (Gender Pay) Gap

      By: June Huang and Shirley Lu
      We study whether voluntary gender diversity disclosure is predictive of gender diversity performance. Exploiting a mandate in the United Kingdom that requires firms to disclose 2017 gender pay gap ("GPG") data for the first time, we find that providing voluntary gender... View Details
      Keywords: Pay Gap; Diversity; Gender; Wages; Reputation; Corporate Disclosure; United Kingdom
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      Huang, June, and Shirley Lu. "Gender Diversity Performance and Voluntary Disclosure: Mind the (Gender Pay) Gap." Accounting, Organizations and Society 114 (June 2025).
      • March 2025
      • Case

      The Changing Climate on Wall Street

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Maxim Pike Harrell and Michael Norris
      Increasing and conflicting regulatory requirements and political pressures regarding climate change tested the leaders of U.S. financial institutions, as they struggled to determine how best to comply while managing their business and its risks.
      In October 2024,... View Details
      Keywords: Competency and Skills; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Leadership; Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Adaptation; Risk and Uncertainty; Insurance; Climate Change; Change Management; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Insurance Industry; United States; Europe
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      Rose, Clayton S., Maxim Pike Harrell, and Michael Norris. "The Changing Climate on Wall Street." Harvard Business School Case 325-020, March 2025.
      • March 2025
      • Article

      Differentiating on Diversity: How Disclosing Workforce Diversity Influences Consumer Choice

      By: Maya Balakrishnan, Jimin Nam and Ryan W. Buell
      Companies are facing increased pressure to “walk the talk” on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in their operations. One specific call-to-action from stakeholders is the public disclosure of EEO-1s. Companies with 100+ employees are federally mandated to annually... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Corporate Disclosure; Diversity; Employees; Perception
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      Balakrishnan, Maya, Jimin Nam, and Ryan W. Buell. "Differentiating on Diversity: How Disclosing Workforce Diversity Influences Consumer Choice." Production and Operations Management 34, no. 3 (March 2025): 457–474.
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Abiomed: Clinical Trials and Tribulations

      By: Satish Tadikonda, Faith Robertson and William Marks
      After receiving 510(k) clearance for the Impella 2.5 device, Abiomed had proceeded to conduct a premarket approval (PMA) process as well to prove clinical superiority, earn greater protection, and extend commercial runway. However, in the middle of the clinical trial... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Disclosure; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Health Testing and Trials; Product Launch; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Tadikonda, Satish, Faith Robertson, and William Marks. "Abiomed: Clinical Trials and Tribulations." Harvard Business School Case 825-096, February 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Teaching Note

      SEC vs. AT&T: The Controversy over Phone Call Disclosures

      By: Yuan Zou
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 125-060. View Details
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      Zou, Yuan. "SEC vs. AT&T: The Controversy over Phone Call Disclosures." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 125-080, February 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Article

      Disclosure, Humanizing, and Contextual Vulnerability of Generative AI Chatbots

      By: Julian De Freitas and I. Glenn Cohen
      In the wake of recent advancements in generative AI, regulatory bodies are trying to keep pace. One key decision is whether to require app makers to disclose the use of generative AI-powered chatbots in their products. We suggest that some generative AI-based chatbots... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Applications and Software; Well-being
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      De Freitas, Julian, and I. Glenn Cohen. "Disclosure, Humanizing, and Contextual Vulnerability of Generative AI Chatbots." New England Journal of Medicine AI 2, no. 2 (February 2025).
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Should I Stay or Should I Disclose? How Omission Bias Guides Our Disclosure Decisions

      By: Elinora Pentcheva and Leslie John
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      Pentcheva, Elinora, and Leslie John. "Should I Stay or Should I Disclose? How Omission Bias Guides Our Disclosure Decisions." Working Paper, December 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Scaling Core Earnings Measurement with Large Language Models

      By: Matthew Shaffer and Charles CY Wang
      We study the application of large language models (LLMs) to the estimation of core earnings, i.e., a firm's persistent profitability from its core business activities. This construct is central to investors' assessments of economic performance and valuations. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Models; AI and Machine Learning; Accounting; Profit; Corporate Disclosure; Analytics and Data Science; Measurement and Metrics
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      Shaffer, Matthew, and Charles CY Wang. "Scaling Core Earnings Measurement with Large Language Models." Working Paper, November 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Risk

      By: Daniel Barth, Phillip Monin, Emil Siriwardane and Adi Sunderam
      Since 2013, large U.S. hedge fund advisers have been required to report risk exposures in their regulatory filings. Using these data, we first establish that managers’ perceptions of risk contain useful information that is not embedded in fund returns. Investor flows... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Disclosure; Investment Funds; Risk and Uncertainty; Investment Return; Communication Strategy; Financial Services Industry
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      Barth, Daniel, Phillip Monin, Emil Siriwardane, and Adi Sunderam. "Hidden Risk." Working Paper, November 2024.
      • Fall 2024
      • Article

      The Problem of Good Conduct Among Financial Advisers

      By: Mark Egan, Gregor Matvos and Amit Seru
      Households in the United States often rely on financial advisers for investment and savings decisions, yet there is a widespread perception that many advisers are dishonest. This distrust is not unwarranted: approximately one in fifteen advisers has a history of... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Finance; Behavioral Finance; Trust; Financial Services Industry
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      Egan, Mark, Gregor Matvos, and Amit Seru. "The Problem of Good Conduct Among Financial Advisers." Journal of Economic Perspectives 38, no. 4 (Fall 2024): 193–210.
      • October 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      SEC vs. AT&T: The Controversy over Phone Call Disclosures

      By: Yuan Zou and Tim Gray
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      Zou, Yuan, and Tim Gray. "SEC vs. AT&T: The Controversy over Phone Call Disclosures." Harvard Business School Case 125-060, October 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • September 2024 (Revised March 2025)
      • Supplement

      Wemade: (Re)Establishing Trust in Blockchain Games (B)

      By: Jung Koo Kang, Charles C.Y. Wang, David Allen and Kwangmoon So
      This supplement reviews Wemade's efforts to rebuild confidence in its business after its WEMIX coin was delisted from the major South Korean cryptocurrency exchanges on December 8, 2022. It outlines Wemade's strategy of transparency, which included partnerships with... View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Crypto Economy; Accounting; Financial Reporting; Revenue Recognition; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Corporate Disclosure; Information Technology; Financial Markets; Governance; Accounting Industry; Video Game Industry; South Korea
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      Kang, Jung Koo, Charles C.Y. Wang, David Allen, and Kwangmoon So. "Wemade: (Re)Establishing Trust in Blockchain Games (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 125-018, September 2024. (Revised March 2025.)
      • September 20, 2024
      • Article

      It’s Time to Unbundle ESG

      By: Aaron K. Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
      ESG is at an inflection point. It has come to represent a broad and inchoate aspiration for what business should be doing beyond maximizing shareholder value. With ESG advocates on the defensive, business leaders need a new roadmap to determine which factors to... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; ESG Reporting; ESG Disclosure; Sustainability; Climate; Climate Finance; Climate Risk; Social Accounting; Investment; Governance; Safety; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Services Industry
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      Chatterji, Aaron K., and Michael W. Toffel. "It’s Time to Unbundle ESG." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 20, 2024).
      • July–August 2024
      • Article

      Disclosing Downstream Emissions

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
      An increasing number of companies are using the E-liability carbon-accounting method as an important tool for tracking progress toward reducing global emissions in their supply chains. The system does not require formal accounting for downstream emissions—those... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Environmental Accounting; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Corporate Disclosure; Environmental Sustainability
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "Disclosing Downstream Emissions." Harvard Business Review 102, no. 4 (July–August 2024): 124–133.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Navigating Software Vulnerabilities: Eighteen Years of Evidence from Medium and Large U.S. Organizations

      By: Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Ran Zhuo and Shane Greenstein
      How prevalent are severe software vulnerabilities, how fast do software users respond to the availability of secure versions, and what determines the variance in the installation distribution? Using the largest dataset ever assembled on user updates, tracking server... View Details
      Keywords: Cybersecurity; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Consumer Behavior
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      Murciano-Goroff, Raviv, Ran Zhuo, and Shane Greenstein. "Navigating Software Vulnerabilities: Eighteen Years of Evidence from Medium and Large U.S. Organizations." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 32696, July 2024.
      • June 2024 (Revised December 2024)
      • Case

      Climate Governance at Linde plc (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud and Vincent Dessain
      In July 2023, the Linde plc board of directors' sustainability committee convened in London to review the company's environmental performance, with a focus on decarbonization and clean energy. Linde was the world's largest industrial gas supplier, with a workforce of... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Multinational Firms and Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Compensation and Benefits; Innovation Strategy; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Business and Shareholder Relations; Chemical Industry; United States; Germany; Europe; North America; London
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud, and Vincent Dessain. "Climate Governance at Linde plc (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-140, June 2024. (Revised December 2024.)
      • June 2024
      • Supplement

      Climate Governance at Linde plc (B)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud and Vincent Dessain
      In July 2023, the Linde plc board of directors' sustainability committee convened in London to review the company's environmental performance, with a focus on decarbonization and clean energy. Linde was the world's largest industrial gas supplier, with a workforce of... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Multinational Firms and Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Compensation and Benefits; Innovation Strategy; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Business and Shareholder Relations; Chemical Industry; Energy Industry; United States; Germany; Europe; North America; London
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud, and Vincent Dessain. "Climate Governance at Linde plc (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-141, June 2024.
      • June 2024
      • Case

      Tremblant Capital: Launching an Active ETF

      By: Robin Greenwood, Luis M. Viceira and Robert Ialenti
      The case highlights deliberations led by Brett Barakett, CEO and chief investment officer of Tremblant Capital, just months prior to launching an actively managed ETF, Tremblant Global (TOGA). However, his team continued to have reservations around the launch. On the... View Details
      Keywords: Asset Management; Investment Funds; Product Launch; Risk and Uncertainty; Financial Services Industry
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      Greenwood, Robin, Luis M. Viceira, and Robert Ialenti. "Tremblant Capital: Launching an Active ETF." Harvard Business School Case 224-112, June 2024.
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