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    • All HBS Web  (143)
      • Faculty Publications  (32)

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      • April 2025
      • Article

      Transitioning Into Retirement: The Interplay of Self and Life Structure

      By: Marcy Crary, Douglas T. (Tim) Hall, Kathy E. Kram, Teresa M. Amabile and Lotte Bailyn
      This paper explores the psychological, social, and behavioral ways in which professionals end their corporate careers and reorient themselves and their lives in the transition from employment to retirement. Framed within life course theory, specifically the adult... View Details
      Keywords: Retirement; Behavior; Transition; Identity
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      Crary, Marcy, Douglas T. (Tim) Hall, Kathy E. Kram, Teresa M. Amabile, and Lotte Bailyn. "Transitioning Into Retirement: The Interplay of Self and Life Structure." Working, Aging and Retirement 11, no. 2 (April 2025): 175–196.
      • 2024
      • Book

      The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal ... And What to Do About It

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      What are we to do about declining public trust and confidence in democratic capitalism, which many citizens consider a cornerstone of our national ideology and identity? In this book, I address how we can rekindle the fading light of democratic capitalism as an... View Details
      Keywords: Government and Politics; Power and Influence; Economic Systems; Culture
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      Salter, Malcolm S. The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal ... And What to Do About It. Cambridge Elements, Elements in Reinventing Capitalism. Cambridge University Press, 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal…and What to Do about It

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      What are we to do about declining public trust and confidence in democratic capitalism, which many citizens consider a cornerstone of our national ideology and identity? While the answer is not entirely clear, I argue in this essay that any effort aimed at restoring... View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Economic Systems; Trust; United States
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal…and What to Do about It." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-062, March 2024.
      • September 2023
      • Article

      A Pull versus Push Framework for Reputation

      By: Jillian J. Jordan
      Reputation is a powerful driver of human behavior. Reputation systems incentivize 'actors' to take reputation-enhancing actions, and 'evaluators' to reward actors with positive reputations by preferentially cooperating with them. This article proposes a reputation... View Details
      Keywords: Reputation; Behavior; Game Theory
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      Jordan, Jillian J. "A Pull versus Push Framework for Reputation." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27, no. 9 (September 2023): 852–866.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Green Bargains: Leveraging Public Investment to Advance Climate Regulation

      By: Jonas Meckling and Jesse Strecker
      Climate policy has entered a new era as public investment is increasingly moving to center stage, including recovery spending and long-term climate investment plans. While essential for decarbonization, public investment is not enough – the carrots of investment need... View Details
      Keywords: Government and Politics; Environmental Regulation; Climate Change; Policy; Motivation and Incentives
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      Meckling, Jonas, and Jesse Strecker. "Green Bargains: Leveraging Public Investment to Advance Climate Regulation." Climate Policy 23, no. 4 (2023): 418–429.
      • May–June 2021
      • Article

      Savvy Self-Promotion: The Delicate Art and Science of Bragging

      By: Leslie K. John
      Everyone knows that success at work depends on being—and being seen as—both competent and likable. You need people to notice your growth and accomplishments while also enjoying your company. But if you draw attention to the value you’ve created, to ensure that managers... View Details
      Keywords: Self-promotion; Success; Behavior
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      John, Leslie K. "Savvy Self-Promotion: The Delicate Art and Science of Bragging." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 3 (May–June 2021): 145–148.
      • Article

      Returnable Reciprocity: Returnable Gifts Are More Effective than Unreturnable Gifts at Promoting Virtuous Behaviors

      By: J.J. Zlatev and Rogers, T.
      Increasing virtuous behaviors, such as initiating healthy habits, is an important goal for policymakers and social scientists. To promote compliance with requests to perform virtuous behaviors, we study “returnable reciprocity.” Whereas traditional reciprocity involves... View Details
      Keywords: Nudges; Reciprocity; Want-should Conflicts; Wellness; Health; Behavior; Change; Well-being
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      Zlatev, J.J., and Rogers, T. "Returnable Reciprocity: Returnable Gifts Are More Effective than Unreturnable Gifts at Promoting Virtuous Behaviors." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 161, Supplement (November 2020): 74–84.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Does Who Helps You Impact Your Behavior? Examining the Effects of Social Interactions on Knowledge Sharing in Online Communities

      By: Eunkwang Seo, Frank Nagle and Sonali K. Shah
      Online communities provide vibrant forums for knowledge sharing and are increasingly being used by individual users and firms to source knowledge and create and capture value. Yet, there is much to learn about how the actions of community members affect other members,... View Details
      Keywords: Online Communities; Knowledge Development; Innovation; Reciprocity; Knowledge Sharing; Networks; Innovation and Invention; Interpersonal Communication
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      Seo, Eunkwang, Frank Nagle, and Sonali K. Shah. "Does Who Helps You Impact Your Behavior? Examining the Effects of Social Interactions on Knowledge Sharing in Online Communities." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-026, August 2020. (Revised July 2021.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity

      By: Laura Alfaro, Ester Faia, Nora Lamersdorf and Farzad Saidi
      In SIR models, homogeneous or with a network structure, infection rates are assumed to be exogenous. However, individuals adjust their behavior. Using daily data for 89 cities worldwide, we document that mobility falls in response to fear, as approximated by Google... View Details
      Keywords: Social Interactions; Pandemics; Mobility; Cities; SIR Networks; Social Preferences; Social Planner; Targeted Policies; Health Pandemics; Interpersonal Communication; Behavior; Policy
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      Alfaro, Laura, Ester Faia, Nora Lamersdorf, and Farzad Saidi. "Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27134, May 2020.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Rehabilitating Corporate Purpose

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      In this paper, I address how the ascendance of the theory of shareholder value maximization into the central consciousness of public corporations and its canonization as the only legitimate expression of corporate purpose has contributed to both a widening breach... View Details
      Keywords: Capitalism; Justice; Corporate Purpose; Shareholder Value Maximization; Ethical Reciprocity; Economic Systems; Business Ventures; Mission and Purpose; Ethics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "Rehabilitating Corporate Purpose." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-104, April 2019.
      • Article

      Maimonides' Ladder: States of Mutual Knowledge and the Perception of Charitability

      By: Julian De Freitas, Peter DiScioli, Kyle A. Thomas and Steven Pinker
      Why do people esteem anonymous charitable giving? We connect normative theories of charitability (captured in Maimonides’ Ladder of Charity) with evolutionary theories of partner choice to test predictions on how attributions of charitability are affected by states of... View Details
      Keywords: Charity; Reciprocity; Partner Choice; Common Knowledge; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Knowledge; Perception
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      De Freitas, Julian, Peter DiScioli, Kyle A. Thomas, and Steven Pinker. "Maimonides' Ladder: States of Mutual Knowledge and the Perception of Charitability." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 1 (January 2019): 158–173.
      • August 2017
      • Article

      Incentives versus Reciprocity: Insights from a Field Experiment

      By: Doug J. Chung and Das Narayandas
      We conduct a field experiment in which we vary the sales force compensation scheme at an Asian enterprise that sells consumer durable goods. With variation generated by the experimental treatments, we model sales force performance to identify the effectiveness of... View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Compensation; Field Experiment; Heterogeneity; Loss Aversion; Reciprocity; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits
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      Chung, Doug J., and Das Narayandas. "Incentives versus Reciprocity: Insights from a Field Experiment." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 54, no. 4 (August 2017): 511–524. (Lead article.)
      • June 2017
      • Article

      Creating Reciprocal Value Through Operational Transparency

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Tami Kim and Chia-Jung Tsay
      We investigate whether organizations can create value by introducing visual transparency between consumers and producers. Although operational transparency has been shown to improve consumer perceptions of service value, existing theory posits that increased contact... View Details
      Keywords: Operational Transparency; Service Management; Production Management; Organizational Performance; Behavioral Operations; Service Operations; Service Delivery; Consumer Behavior; Labor; Organizational Design; Operations; Service Industry; United States; Kenya
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      Buell, Ryan W., Tami Kim, and Chia-Jung Tsay. "Creating Reciprocal Value Through Operational Transparency." Management Science 63, no. 6 (June 2017): 1673–1695.
      • Article

      Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal of High Continuation Probabilities in Repeated Games

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and David G. Rand
      Why do individuals pay costs to punish selfish behavior, even as third-party observers? A large body of research suggests that reputation plays an important role in motivating such third-party punishment (TPP). Here we focus on a recently proposed reputation-based... View Details
      Keywords: Direct Reciprocity; Evolution; Dispersal; Cooperation; Trust; Reputation; Game Theory
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and David G. Rand. "Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal of High Continuation Probabilities in Repeated Games." Journal of Theoretical Biology 421 (May 21, 2017): 189–202.
      • September 2016
      • Article

      When 3+1>4: Gift Structure and Reciprocity in the Field

      By: Duncan S. Gilchrist, Michael Luca and Deepak Malhotra
      Do higher wages elicit reciprocity and lead to increased productivity? In a field experiment with 266 employees, we find that paying higher wages, per se, does not have a discernible effect on productivity (in a context with no future employment opportunities).... View Details
      Keywords: Wages; Performance Productivity
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      Gilchrist, Duncan S., Michael Luca, and Deepak Malhotra. "When 3+1>4: Gift Structure and Reciprocity in the Field." Management Science 62, no. 9 (September 2016): 2639–2650.
      • October 2015
      • Article

      The Multinational Firm and Geopolitics: Europe, Russian Energy, and Power

      By: Rawi Abdelal
      Multinational firms unavoidably exert influence over politics through power that is generated by both structure and process. While both political economy and management scholars address international firms, neither field has an adequate understanding of the reciprocal... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Government and Politics; Economics; Europe; Russia
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      Abdelal, Rawi. "The Multinational Firm and Geopolitics: Europe, Russian Energy, and Power." Business and Politics 17, no. 3 (October 2015): 553–576.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Incentives versus Reciprocity: Insights from a Field Experiment

      By: Doug J. Chung and Das Narayandas
      We conduct a field experiment in which we vary the sales force compensation scheme at an Asian enterprise that sells consumer durable goods. With variation generated by the experimental treatments, we model sales force performance to identify the effectiveness of... View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Compensation; Field Experiment; Heterogeneity; Loss Aversion; Reciprocity; Motivation and Incentives; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits
      Citation
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      Chung, Doug J., and Das Narayandas. "Incentives versus Reciprocity: Insights from a Field Experiment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-084, April 2015. (Revised November 2015.)
      • April 2014
      • Article

      The Emergence of 'Us and Them' in 80 Lines of Code: Modeling Group Genesis in Homogeneous Populations

      By: Kurt Gray, David G. Rand, Eyal Ert, Kevin Lewis, Steve Hershman and Michael I. Norton
      Psychological explanations of group genesis often require population heterogeneity in identity or other characteristics, whether deep (e.g., religion) or superficial (e.g., eye color). We use game-theoretical agent-based models to explore group genesis in homogeneous... View Details
      Keywords: Groups and Teams
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      Gray, Kurt, David G. Rand, Eyal Ert, Kevin Lewis, Steve Hershman, and Michael I. Norton. "The Emergence of 'Us and Them' in 80 Lines of Code: Modeling Group Genesis in Homogeneous Populations." Psychological Science 25, no. 4 (April 2014): 982–990.
      • Article

      Give What You Get: Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella) and 4-Year-Old Children Pay Forward Positive and Negative Outcomes to Conspecifics.

      By: Kristin L. Leimgruber, Adrian F. Ward, Jane Widness, Michael I. Norton, Kristina R. Olson, Kurt Gray and Laurie R. Santos
      The breadth of human generosity is unparalleled in the natural world, and much research has explored the mechanisms underlying and motivating human prosocial behavior. Recent work has focused on the spread of prosocial behavior within groups through paying-it-forward,... View Details
      Keywords: Prosociality; Reciprocity; Cooperation; Gratitude; Affect; Behavior
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      Leimgruber, Kristin L., Adrian F. Ward, Jane Widness, Michael I. Norton, Kristina R. Olson, Kurt Gray, and Laurie R. Santos. "Give What You Get: Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella) and 4-Year-Old Children Pay Forward Positive and Negative Outcomes to Conspecifics." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 2014).
      • January 2014 (Revised October 2014)
      • Case

      Andreessen Horowitz

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann and Liz Kind
      Andreessen Horowitz (a16z), a venture capital firm launched in 2009, has quickly broken into the VC industry's top ranks, in terms of its ability to invest in Silicon Valley's most promising startups. The case recounts the firm's history; describes its co-founders'... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Venture Capital; Disruption; Entrepreneurship; Industry Structures; Financial Services Industry; California
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R., and Liz Kind. "Andreessen Horowitz." Harvard Business School Case 814-060, January 2014. (Revised October 2014.)
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