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      • May 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Bridj and the Business of Urban Mobility (B): A New Model in Kansas City

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jonathan Cohen
      This Teaching Note helps instructors teach students the HBS Case, Bridj and the Business of Urban Mobility (B): A New Model in Kansas City. In late 2016, Bridj was expanding its digital platform to help address urban mobility problems faced by cities across the country... View Details
      Keywords: App Development; Innovation; Stakeholder Engagement; Collaboration; Ride-sharing; Entrenchment; Digital; Transportation; Urban Development; Disruption; Business Startups; Digital Platforms; Growth and Development Strategy; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Partners and Partnerships; Expansion
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jonathan Cohen. "Bridj and the Business of Urban Mobility (B): A New Model in Kansas City." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 325-125, May 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Case

      Breezm: Innovative 3D-Printed Eyewear (A)

      By: Juan Alcácer, Brian Mao Fu and Adina Wong
      In 2023, Breezm, a South Korean startup, faced a strategic decision about how to grow its innovative 3D-printed, custom-fit eyewear business. Co-founded in 2017 by Zenma Park and Wooseok Sung, Breezm combined facial scanning, AI, and in-house production to solve the... View Details
      Keywords: 3D Printing; Eyeyewear; Growth; Business Startups; AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Risk and Uncertainty; Expansion; South Korea
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      Alcácer, Juan, Brian Mao Fu, and Adina Wong. "Breezm: Innovative 3D-Printed Eyewear (A)." Harvard Business School Case 725-376, April 2025.
      • 2025
      • Book

      The Experimentation Machine: Finding Product–Market Fit in the Age of AI

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang
      Leverage AI to be a 10x Founder

      Today’s most successful founders know that the startups that learn the fastest will win. In The Experimentation Machine, I reveal how AI is transforming the way startups find product-market fit and scale.... View Details
      Keywords: AI; Founder; Startup; AI and Machine Learning; Technology Adoption; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Market Entry and Exit
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J. The Experimentation Machine: Finding Product–Market Fit in the Age of AI. Damn Gravity Media, 2025.
      • March 2025
      • Case

      Mobvoi’s Path Through Market Challenges and Business Reinvention

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Shu Lin
      Founded in 2012, Mobvoi evolved through multiple transformations—from AI-driven voice technology to smart wearables and later AI-generated content. Backed by major investors, the company navigated shifts in strategy while facing two failed IPO attempts. As market... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; AI and Machine Learning; Technology Industry; China
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Shu Lin. "Mobvoi’s Path Through Market Challenges and Business Reinvention." Harvard Business School Case 825-158, March 2025.
      • March 2025
      • Case

      Xfund and Sam Altman: Finding Harvard’s Best Generative AI Founders

      By: Suraj Srinivasan
      On May 1, 2024, Xfund Managing Partners Patrick Chung and Brandon Farwell, hosted a high-stakes venture pitch session designed to select one startup for a minimum $100,000 investment. This “Xperiment Stake” competition, dedicated to startups in the Generative AI... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Venture Capital; Innovation Leadership; Technological Innovation; Technology Industry; United States
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      Srinivasan, Suraj. "Xfund and Sam Altman: Finding Harvard’s Best Generative AI Founders." Harvard Business School Case 125-090, March 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle

      By: Raymond Kluender and Emanuele Colonnelli
      In November 2024, Jim Chu, founder and CEO of Untapped Global, faced mounting internal tensions over the company’s strategic direction. Untapped had developed a data-driven revenue-based financing (RBF) model to address the “missing middle” problem—the $5.2 trillion... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Working Capital; Private Equity; Financial Strategy; Microfinance; International Finance; Currency Exchange Rate; Profit Sharing; Revenue; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Mission and Purpose; Small Business; Entrepreneurial Finance; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Nigeria; South Africa; Kenya; Uganda; California; San Francisco
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      Kluender, Raymond, and Emanuele Colonnelli. "Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle." Harvard Business School Case 825-056, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      AI Meets VC: The Data-Driven Revolution at Quantum Light Capital

      By: Lauren Cohen, Grace Headinger and Sophia Pan
      Ilya Kondrashov, CEO of Quantum Light Capital, was driven to harness AI for identifying high-potential scale-ups. Collaborating with Nik Storonsky, founder of Revolut, the duo observed that most venture capital (VC) decisions were heavily influenced by emotion, with... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Business Finance; Data Analysis; Angel Investors; Cognitive Biases; Scale; Venture Capital; Investment; Business Model; Forecasting and Prediction; Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Behavior; Cognition and Thinking; Public Opinion; Private Sector; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Business Earnings; Behavioral Finance; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Business Startups; Financial Services Industry; London; United Kingdom
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      Cohen, Lauren, Grace Headinger, and Sophia Pan. "AI Meets VC: The Data-Driven Revolution at Quantum Light Capital." Harvard Business School Case 225-053, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service

      By: George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel and Stacy Straaberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 124-007. The Germany-based startup Vytal operated the largest digital-native reusable packaging-as-a-service network globally, having raised nearly €15 million, established a large network of restaurant partners, and prevented the use of... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Business Growth and Maturation; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Startups; Resource Allocation; Risk Management; Adoption; Strategy; Performance Productivity; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Supply Chain; Distribution; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Business Model; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Profit; Financing and Loans; Expansion; Green Technology Industry; Service Industry; Retail Industry; Germany; Europe
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      Serafeim, George, Michael W. Toffel, and Stacy Straaberg. "Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 125-003, January 2025.
      • October 2024
      • Case

      Tonik

      By: Andy Wu, Maliha Malek Quadir and Aticus Peterson
      This case study examines Tonik, the first digital bank in the Philippines, as it navigates the challenges of scaling its lending operations and achieving profitability in an evolving fintech landscape. It explores Tonik's journey from its launch in 2018 to early 2024,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Financing and Loans; Profit; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Growth and Development Strategy; Emerging Markets; Entrepreneurship; Product; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; Philippines
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      Wu, Andy, Maliha Malek Quadir, and Aticus Peterson. "Tonik." Harvard Business School Case 725-404, October 2024.
      • October 2024
      • Article

      Founder-CEO Compensation and Selection into Venture Capital-Backed Entrepreneurship

      By: Michael Ewens, Ramana Nanda and Christopher Stanton
      We show theoretically that a critical determinant of the attractiveness of VC-backed entrepreneurship for high-earning potential founders is the expected time to develop a startup’s initial product. This is because founder-CEOs’ cash compensation increases... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Executive Compensation
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      Ewens, Michael, Ramana Nanda, and Christopher Stanton. "Founder-CEO Compensation and Selection into Venture Capital-Backed Entrepreneurship." Journal of Finance 79, no. 5 (October 2024): 3361–3405.
      • July 2024
      • Case

      Roja Garimella: Developing a Founder's Judgment

      By: Reza Satchu and Patrick Sanguineti
      Roja Garimella’s path to becoming a founder was anything but straight. Setting her sights on a career in medicine since childhood, she committed to medical school with her acceptance to college. And yet, throughout her studies, she continually explored alternative... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Personal Development and Career; Entrepreneurial Finance; Business Startups; Judgments; Financial Services Industry; Health Industry
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      Satchu, Reza, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Roja Garimella: Developing a Founder's Judgment." Harvard Business School Case 825-006, July 2024.
      • June 2024
      • Case

      SnapTravel: Betting on 'Super.com'

      By: Reza Satchu and Tom Quinn
      This case explores SnapTravel, a travel startup offering discounted hotel rooms, and its founders’ desire to pivot to a “super app” that saved customers money across many different purchase types. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Hussein Fazal and Henry Shi saw SnapTravel... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Plan; Business Startups; Change Management; Disruption; Transformation; Volatility; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Decisions; Income; Entrepreneurship; Geographic Scope; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Health Pandemics; Surveys; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Leading Change; Crisis Management; Goals and Objectives; Risk Management; Consumer Behavior; Game Theory; Risk and Uncertainty; Adaptation; Diversification; Expansion; System Shocks; Accommodations Industry; Technology Industry; Canada; United States; Las Vegas
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      Satchu, Reza, and Tom Quinn. "SnapTravel: Betting on 'Super.com'." Harvard Business School Case 824-196, June 2024.
      • June 2024 (Revised September 2024)
      • Case

      Driving Scale with Otto

      By: Rebecca Karp, David Allen and Annelena Lobb
      This case asks how startup founders make scaling decisions in light of their priorities for their business and for themselves. Otto was a technology company that applied artificial intelligence technology to sales. It deployed natural language processing to find sales... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Natural Language Processing; B2B; B2B Innovation; Scaling; Scaling Tech Ventures; Business Startups; AI and Machine Learning; Finance; Sales; Business Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Information Technology Industry; United States; Cambridge; New York (city, NY); Spain
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      Karp, Rebecca, David Allen, and Annelena Lobb. "Driving Scale with Otto." Harvard Business School Case 724-407, June 2024. (Revised September 2024.)
      • April 2024 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      The Engine

      By: Joshua Lev Krieger, Jim Matheson, Fiona Murray and Nicholas Christman
      The Engine, a venture capital firm founded by MIT to fill a gap in the technology funding landscape by commercializing breakthrough science and technology. Led by managing partner and CEO Katie Rae, the Engine's unique approach involved an unusually longer fund life,... View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Venture Capital; Business Startups; Entrepreneurial Finance; Financial Services Industry
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      Krieger, Joshua Lev, Jim Matheson, Fiona Murray, and Nicholas Christman. "The Engine." Harvard Business School Case 824-147, April 2024. (Revised August 2024.)
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Biomanufacturing Decentralization by Stämm

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Jenyfeer Martínez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      In Buenos Aires, Argentina, cousins Llamazares and D’Alvia founded Stämm, a startup based on the idea of decentralizing biomanufacturing processes and downsizing biotech facilities. After raising its seed and series A rounds, and while finalizing its series B round in... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Selection and Staffing; Technological Innovation; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Launch; Research and Development; Biotechnology Industry; Latin America; South America; Argentina; Buenos Aires
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      Gompers, Paul A., Jenyfeer Martínez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Biomanufacturing Decentralization by Stämm." Harvard Business School Case 824-190, March 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Kashat: Navigating the Uncertainties of the Egyptian Fintech Market

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Ahmed Dahawy
      Karim Nour, the founder of Kashat, an Egyptian nano-lending fintech company, is contemplating how to manage the growth of his startup. Over the summer of 2022, Kashat's loan disbursements had grown by nearly 40%, fueled by macroeconomic instability in Egypt. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Business Model; Developing Countries and Economies; Acquisition; Business Exit or Shutdown; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Financing and Loans; Capital; Financial Services Industry; Banking Industry; Egypt
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Ahmed Dahawy. "Kashat: Navigating the Uncertainties of the Egyptian Fintech Market." Harvard Business School Case 824-055, March 2024. (Revised June 2024.)
      • February 2024
      • Teaching Note

      TimeCredit

      By: Emanuele Colonnelli, Raymond Kluender and Shai Benjamin Bernstein
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 824-139. TimeCredit is an artificial intelligence (AI) startup that is developing large language models (LLMs) to generate accounting memos. The case follows Ndonga Sagnia, a Gambian Harvard Business School MBA student with an accounting... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Financing and Loans; AI and Machine Learning; Entrepreneurial Finance; Identity; Partners and Partnerships; Technology Industry
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      Colonnelli, Emanuele, Raymond Kluender, and Shai Benjamin Bernstein. "TimeCredit." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 824-171, February 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Financing Matillion's Scaleup (A)

      By: Raymond Kluender, Emanuele Colonnelli and Ramana Nanda
      In 2019, Matthew Scullion, founder and CEO of U.K. startup Matillion, faced a decision about which term sheet to accept for the lead investor in his company’s $35 million Series C financing round. Would the connections and opportunities offered by Silicon Valley-based... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Negotiation; Ownership; Business Startups; Decisions; Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Valuation; Information Technology Industry; United Kingdom
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      Kluender, Raymond, Emanuele Colonnelli, and Ramana Nanda. "Financing Matillion's Scaleup (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-140, February 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Seeds of Innovation: GALY's Quest to Cultivate the Future of Agriculture in the Lab

      By: George Serafeim
      In 2023, Luciano Bueno, CEO and founder of plant cell culture agriculture company GALY, was considering the best path forward for his company as he planned to pitch Series B investors. GALY, founded in 2019, aimed to produce cotton and other crops from cells grown in... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Green Technology; Goods and Commodities; Growth and Development Strategy; Science-Based Business; Entrepreneurship; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Startups; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Production; Entrepreneurial Finance; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Technology Industry; Boston; Sao Paulo
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      Serafeim, George. "Seeds of Innovation: GALY's Quest to Cultivate the Future of Agriculture in the Lab." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 124-705, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Case

      Horizon Quantum Computing

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Billy Chan
      In 2023, the Singapore-based startup company Horizon Quantum Computing was on the cusp of fast expansion and the founder faced the challenge to decide where to open the second office outside Singapore. To make a choice from the list of 10 countries, the founder had to... View Details
      Keywords: Business Plan; Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial Finance; Disruptive Innovation; Business Offices; Business Startups; Talent and Talent Management; Decision Choices and Conditions; Partners and Partnerships; Expansion; Information Technology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Singapore; Asia
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Billy Chan. "Horizon Quantum Computing." Harvard Business School Case 224-049, February 2024.
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