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Publications

Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (87)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Balancing Engagement and Polarization: Multi-Objective Alignment of News Content Using LLMs

      By: Mengjie Cheng, Elie Ofek and Hema Yoganarasimhan
      We study how media firms can use LLMs to generate news content that aligns with multiple objectives—making content more engaging while maintaining a preferred level of polarization/slant consistent with the firm’s editorial policy. Using news articles from The New York... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Models; Content Creation; Media; Polarization; Generative Ai; Direct Preference Optimization; AI and Machine Learning; News; Perspective; Digital Marketing; Policy; Media and Broadcasting Industry
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      Cheng, Mengjie, Elie Ofek, and Hema Yoganarasimhan. "Balancing Engagement and Polarization: Multi-Objective Alignment of News Content Using LLMs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-051, April 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions

      By: Christian Kaps and Arielle Anderer
      Learning curves, the fact that technologies improve as a function of cumulative experience or investment, are desirable-think inexpensive solar panels or higher performing semiconductors. But, for firms that need to pick one technology among several candidates, such as... View Details
      Keywords: Learning Curve; Technology; Innovation; Batteries; Energy Storage; Sequential Decision Making; TELCO; Exploration; Exploitation; Problems and Challenges; Cost vs Benefits; Technology Adoption; Battery Industry
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      Kaps, Christian, and Arielle Anderer. "How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions." Working Paper, March 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      The Hidden Costs of Working Multiple Jobs: Implications for Spending Behavior and Wellbeing

      By: Paige Tsai and Ryan W. Buell
      Problem definition: Amidst inflation, rising costs of living, an explosion in remote and gig working opportunities, and an increase in the part-time labor mix in economies around the world, it is becoming evermore commonplace for people to earn labor income... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Operations; Employee Behavior; Job Design and Levels; Personal Finance; Well-being; Happiness; Satisfaction; Wages
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      Tsai, Paige, and Ryan W. Buell. "The Hidden Costs of Working Multiple Jobs: Implications for Spending Behavior and Wellbeing." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-036, January 2025. (Revised March 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Fire Sales of Safe Assets

      By: Gabor Pinter, Emil Siriwardane and Danny Walker
      We use trade-level data to study price pressure effects in the UK gilt market from September to October 2022. During this period, forced sales by liability-driven investment funds (LDIs) led to price discounts on the order of 10%, accounting for roughly half the total... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Funds; Capital Markets; United Kingdom
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      Pinter, Gabor, Emil Siriwardane, and Danny Walker. "Fire Sales of Safe Assets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-015, September 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B1): Birmingham Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Natania Elias and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Alabama
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Natania Elias, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B1): Birmingham Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-082, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B10): Pittsburgh Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Pittsburgh
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B10): Pittsburgh Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-091, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B11): Salt Lake City Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Praveen Kumar and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Utah
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Praveen Kumar, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B11): Salt Lake City Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-092, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B12): San Antonio Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Natania Elias and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Texas
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Natania Elias, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B12): San Antonio Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-093, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B13): Seattle Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Hailey Chen and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Seattle
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Hailey Chen, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B13): Seattle Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-094, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B14): San Jose Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Hailey Chen and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; Innovation and Invention; United States; San Jose
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Hailey Chen, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B14): San Jose Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-095, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B2): Boston Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Margot Zuckerman and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; Boston; United States
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Margot Zuckerman, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B2): Boston Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-083, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B3): Chattanooga Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; United States; Tennessee
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B3): Chattanooga Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-084, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B4): Columbus Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Ohio
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B4): Columbus Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-085, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B5): Detroit Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Detroit
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B5): Detroit Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-086, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B6): Miami Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; United States; Miami
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B6): Miami Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-087, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B7): Milwaukee Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; United States; Wisconsin
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B7): Milwaukee Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-088, February 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B8): Minneapolis-St. Paul Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Praveen Kumar and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Minneapolis; St. Paul
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Praveen Kumar, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B8): Minneapolis-St. Paul Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-089, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B9): Nashville Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Tennessee
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B9): Nashville Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-090, February 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Bootstrap Diagnostics for Irregular Estimators

      By: Isaiah Andrews and Jesse M. Shapiro
      Empirical researchers frequently rely on normal approximations in order to summarize and communicate uncertainty about their findings to their scientific audience. When such approximations are unreliable, they can lead the audience to make misguided decisions. We... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Andrews, Isaiah, and Jesse M. Shapiro. "Bootstrap Diagnostics for Irregular Estimators." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 32038, January 2024.
      • August 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-003, August 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
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