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- All HBS Web
(10,226)
- People (22)
- News (1,556)
- Research (7,246)
- Events (98)
- Multimedia (65)
- Faculty Publications (5,693)
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- December 2011 (Revised October 2014)
- Background Note
Business Model Analysis for Entrepreneurs
By: Thomas Eisenmann
This note defines a business model and its major elements: a customer value proposition, a technology and operations management plan, a go-to-market plan, and a profit formula. For each element, the note lists questions that an entrepreneur must address when evaluating... View Details
Keywords: Business Model
Eisenmann, Thomas. "Business Model Analysis for Entrepreneurs." Harvard Business School Background Note 812-096, December 2011. (Revised October 2014.)
- January 2003 (Revised February 2011)
- Tool
Business Analysis and Valuation Model (Version 5)
By: Paul M. Healy, Krishna G. Palepu and Jonathan Barnett
Once you enter company financial statements, this software enables you to standardize them to a common format, make any needed adjustments to the company's accounting, and make assumptions about the company's future performance. The model then provides financial ratios... View Details
- March 2014
- Technical Note
Performance and Value Analysis
This note introduces the Performance and Value Analysis (PVA) framework, an integrated framework to analyze strategic performance (i.e., performance corrected for temporary and random effects). This framework (quantitatively) decomposes a firm's performance into 3... View Details
Keywords: Strategic Analysis; Economic Analysis; Sustainable Competitive Advantage; Value Capture; Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Strategic Planning; Competitive Strategy; Competency and Skills; Competition; Value Creation
Van den Steen, Eric. "Performance and Value Analysis." Harvard Business School Technical Note 714-490, March 2014.
- June 2020
- Background Note
Customer Management Dynamics and Cohort Analysis
By: Elie Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
The digital revolution has allowed companies to amass considerable amounts of data on their customers. Using this information to generate actionable insights is fast becoming a critical skill that firms must master if they wish to effectively compete and win in today’s... View Details
Keywords: Cohort Analysis; Customers; Analytics and Data Science; Segmentation; Analysis; Customer Value and Value Chain
Ofek, Elie, Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "Customer Management Dynamics and Cohort Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 520-122, June 2020.
- January 2020 (Revised December 2020)
- Technical Note
Business Model Analysis of Startups
By: Stig Leschly
Leschly, Stig. "Business Model Analysis of Startups." Harvard Business School Technical Note 820-089, January 2020. (Revised December 2020.)
- April 2013
- Article
Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic... View Details
Keywords: Business Model Innovation; Imitation; Sponsor-based Business Model; Strategic Revelation; Strategic Concealment; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Price; Competitive Strategy; Adoption; Value; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Product; Customers; Market Entry and Exit; Monopoly
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
- March 2015
- Article
Business Model Evaluation: Quantifying Walmart's Sources of Advantage
By: Humberto Brea-Solís, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Emili Grifell-Tatjé
We develop an analytical framework on the basis of the economics of business performance to provide quantitative insight into the link between a firm's business model choices and its profit consequences. The method is applied to Walmart by building a qualitative... View Details
Keywords: Business Models; Quantitative Analysis; Walmart; Production Theory; Business Model; Competitive Advantage; Profit
Brea-Solís, Humberto, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Emili Grifell-Tatjé. "Business Model Evaluation: Quantifying Walmart's Sources of Advantage." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2015): 12–33.
- April 2020 (Revised June 2022)
- Technical Note
Quantitative Analysis in Marketing
By: Sunil Gupta
Marketing is a combination of art and science that requires both qualitative and quantitative analysis to arrive at effective decisions. This note highlights how quantitative analysis can help in the following marketing decisions: estimating market size, determining... View Details
Gupta, Sunil. "Quantitative Analysis in Marketing." Harvard Business School Technical Note 520-091, April 2020. (Revised June 2022.)
- 1968
- Book
Computer Models for Business Case Analysis
By: David Hawkins and Brandt R. Allen
Hawkins, David, and Brandt R. Allen. Computer Models for Business Case Analysis. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Company, 1968.
- Article
Enhancing Policy Models with Exploratory Analysis
By: Arthur C. Brooks and Gregory B. Lewis
Brooks, Arthur C., and Gregory B. Lewis. "Enhancing Policy Models with Exploratory Analysis." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 129–136.
- 1990
- Book
Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis
By: A. E. Roth and M. Sotomayor
Keywords: Game Theory
Roth, A. E., and M. Sotomayor. Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis. Econometric Society Monographs. Cambridge University Press, 1990. (Winner of Frederick W. Lanchester Prize Awarded for the best contribution to operations research and the management sciences published in English presented by Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.)
- 2023
- Article
MoPe: Model Perturbation-based Privacy Attacks on Language Models
By: Marvin Li, Jason Wang, Jeffrey Wang and Seth Neel
Recent work has shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can unintentionally leak sensitive information present in their training data. In this paper, we present Model Perturbations (MoPe), a new method to identify with high confidence if a given text is in the training... View Details
Li, Marvin, Jason Wang, Jeffrey Wang, and Seth Neel. "MoPe: Model Perturbation-based Privacy Attacks on Language Models." Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2023): 13647–13660.
- 1992
- Book
Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis
By: A. E. Roth and M. Sotomayor
Keywords: Game Theory
Roth, A. E., and M. Sotomayor. Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis. Paperback ed. Cambridge University Press, 1992. (Winner of Frederick W. Lanchester Prize Awarded for the best contribution to operations research and the management sciences published in English presented by Institute for Operations Research and the Management Science.)
- March 2022 (Revised January 2025)
- Technical Note
Exploratory Data Analysis
This module note provides an overview of exploratory data analysis for an introduction to data science course. It begins by defining the term "data", and then describes the different types of data that companies work with (structured v. unstructured, categorical v.... View Details
Keywords: Data Analysis; Data Science; Statistics; Data Visualization; Exploratory Data Analysis; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis
Bojinov, Iavor I., Michael Parzen, and Paul Hamilton. "Exploratory Data Analysis." Harvard Business School Technical Note 622-098, March 2022. (Revised January 2025.)
- February 2017
- Background Note
Decision Analysis
By: George Wu and Kathleen McGinn
Describes decision analysis, a systematic approach for analyzing decision problems. A running example illustrates problem structuring (decision trees), probability assessment, endpoint evaluation, “folding back the tree” as a method of analysis, and sensitivity... View Details
Wu, George, and Kathleen McGinn. "Decision Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 917-018, February 2017.
- January 2021
- Article
Using Models to Persuade
By: Joshua Schwartzstein and Adi Sunderam
We present a framework where "model persuaders" influence receivers’ beliefs by proposing models that organize past data to make predictions. Receivers are assumed to find models more compelling when they better explain the data, fixing receivers’ prior beliefs. Model... View Details
Keywords: Model Persuasion; Analytics and Data Science; Forecasting and Prediction; Mathematical Methods; Framework
Schwartzstein, Joshua, and Adi Sunderam. "Using Models to Persuade." American Economic Review 111, no. 1 (January 2021): 276–323.
- January 2002
- Background Note
Note on Business Model Analysis for the Entrepreneur
By: Richard G. Hamermesh, Paul W. Marshall and Taslim Pirmohamed
Describes the primary elements and defining characteristics of a company's business model from the perspective of an entrepreneur. Introduces several analytic techniques and provides illustrative examples of business models to support the analytic framework presented. View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Entrepreneurship; Framework; Mathematical Methods; Opportunities; Perspective
Hamermesh, Richard G., Paul W. Marshall, and Taslim Pirmohamed. "Note on Business Model Analysis for the Entrepreneur." Harvard Business School Background Note 802-048, January 2002.
- March 2022
- Article
Sensitivity Analysis of Agent-based Models: A New Protocol
By: Emanuele Borgonovo, Marco Pangallo, Jan Rivkin, Leonardo Rizzo and Nicolaj Siggelkow
Agent-based models (ABMs) are increasingly used in the management sciences. Though useful, ABMs are often critiqued: it is hard to discern why they produce the results they do and whether other assumptions would yield similar results. To help researchers address such... View Details
Keywords: Agent-based Modeling; Sensitivity Analysis; Design Of Experiments; Total Order Sensitivity Indices; Organizations; Behavior; Decision Making; Mathematical Methods
Borgonovo, Emanuele, Marco Pangallo, Jan Rivkin, Leonardo Rizzo, and Nicolaj Siggelkow. "Sensitivity Analysis of Agent-based Models: A New Protocol." Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 28, no. 1 (March 2022): 52–94.
- 2010
- Journal Article
Competitiveness: Business Model Reconfiguration for Innovation and Internationalization
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Joan E. Ricart
The purpose of this paper is to reflect on competitiveness by using the business model concept and to understand the need to adapt business models to changes in the environment. View Details
Keywords: Modeling Innovation; Business Improvement; Spain; Competitive Strategy; Business Model; Change; Globalization; Innovation and Invention; Situation or Environment; Competition
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Joan E. Ricart. "Competitiveness: Business Model Reconfiguration for Innovation and Internationalization." Management Research 8, no. 2 (2010): 123–149.
- February 2017 (Revised December 2018)
- Module Note
The Entrepreneurial Manager, Module I: Defining and Developing the Business Model
The first module of The Entrepreneurial Manager (TEM) focuses on business model analysis and lean testing. Your business model defines your company and sets its strategic direction, including customer value proposition, operations, scaling, the context in which the... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Management; Business Models; Lean Startup; Business Model; Analysis; Entrepreneurship; Management
Kerr, William R., Mark Roberge, and Paul A. Gompers. "The Entrepreneurial Manager, Module I: Defining and Developing the Business Model." Harvard Business School Module Note 817-108, February 2017. (Revised December 2018.)