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    • All HBS Web  (130)
      • Faculty Publications  (33)

      ImitationRemove Imitation →

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      • January 2025
      • Case

      A Winning Strategy (A): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating

      By: Rebecca Karp, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and Tom Quinn
      This case describes two innovators in the Olympic sport of speed skating: the U.S. Men’s team, which devised a new approach to the team pursuit event following their disappointing performance in the 2018 Winter Olympics; and Nils van der Poel, a Swedish skater who... View Details
      Keywords: Sports; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Knowledge Sharing; Sports Industry; United States; Sweden; Netherlands; Norway
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      Karp, Rebecca, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and Tom Quinn. "A Winning Strategy (A): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating." Harvard Business School Case 725-391, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      A Winning Strategy (B): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating

      By: Rebecca Karp, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and Tom Quinn
      This case describes the aftermath of decisions made by two innovators in the Olympic sport of speed skating: the U.S. Men’s team, which devised a new approach to the team pursuit event; and Nils van der Poel, a Swedish skater who created a new training plan that defied... View Details
      Keywords: Sports; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Knowledge Sharing; Performance Improvement; Sports Industry; United States; Sweden; Netherlands; Norway
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      Karp, Rebecca, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and Tom Quinn. "A Winning Strategy (B): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating." Harvard Business School Supplement 725-413, January 2025.
      • May 2024
      • Teaching Note

      AI21 Labs in 2023: Strategy for Generative AI

      By: David Yoffie
      Teaching Note for HBS Case 724-383. The case has 3 important teaching purposes: First, what are the advantages and disadvantages of imitation? (e.g., Should AI21 imitate OpenAI with a chatbot?) Second, what are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping new technology... View Details
      Keywords: AI; Generative Ai; Generative Models; AI and Machine Learning; Innovation Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Model; Business Startups; Open Source Distribution; Competitive Advantage; Technology Industry; Israel
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      Yoffie, David. "AI21 Labs in 2023: Strategy for Generative AI." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-461, May 2024.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)

      By: Willy Shih and Nancy Dai
      Like other small shops based in Chongqing, China, Zongshen Industrial Group started by assembling motorcycles from "standard" parts. The quality of its early products was good enough for rural Chinese buyers, though wealthier consumers usually purchased premium... View Details
      Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Competitive Strategy; Supply Chain; Product Positioning; Manufacturing Industry; Motorcycle Industry; China
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      Shih, Willy, and Nancy Dai. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 624-056, November 2023.
      • January–February 2023
      • Article

      Rethink Your Employee Value Proposition: Offer Your People More Than Just Flexibility

      By: Mark Mortensen and Amy C. Edmondson
      A lot of leaders believe that the formula for attracting and keeping talent is simple: Just ask people what they want and give it to them. The problem is, that approach tends to address only the material aspects of jobs that are top of employees’ minds at the moment,... View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Retention; Recruitment; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Satisfaction
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      Mortensen, Mark, and Amy C. Edmondson. "Rethink Your Employee Value Proposition: Offer Your People More Than Just Flexibility." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 1 (January–February 2023): 45–49.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Corporate Sustainability: A Strategy?

      By: George Serafeim
      We explore the conditions under which firms maintain their competitive advantage through sustainability-based differentiation when faced with imitation pressures by industry peers. We document growing intraindustry convergence on sustainability actions over time for... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Corporate Performance; Industry Analysis; CSR; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Environment; Social Responsibility; Strategy And Execution; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Performance; Corporate Strategy
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      Ioannou, Ioannis, and George Serafeim. "Corporate Sustainability: A Strategy?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-065, January 2019. (Revised April 2021.)
      • April 2014
      • Teaching Note

      iMatari

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco and Matthew Preble
      Keywords: Ethical Behavior; Ethical Judgment; Entrepreneurship; Imitation; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Europe; Middle East
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., and Matthew Preble. "iMatari." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 314-140, April 2014.
      • March 2014 (Revised March 2018)
      • Case

      Red Bull (A)

      By: Eric Van den Steen and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      Despite facing giants like Coke, Pepsi, and Budweiser—with obvious potential sources of competitive advantage—Red Bull had established itself as the U.S. market leader in energy drinks. By 2008, however, Red Bull's dominance was challenged as Monster drinks surpassed... View Details
      Keywords: Judo Strategy; Judo Economics; Sustainable Competitive Advantage; Imitation; Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Market Entry and Exit; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Van den Steen, Eric, and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Red Bull (A)." Harvard Business School Case 714-401, March 2014. (Revised March 2018.)
      • April 2013
      • Article

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model Innovation; Imitation; Sponsor-based Business Model; Strategic Revelation; Strategic Concealment; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Price; Competitive Strategy; Adoption; Value; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Product; Customers; Market Entry and Exit; Monopoly
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
      • March 2013 (Revised March 2015)
      • Case

      iMatari

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco and Matthew Preble
      In late 2012, recent Harvard Business School graduate Hannah Lopez is given the opportunity to lead entry into a new market for Plámo, a company that created startup companies in Europe and emerging markets based upon existing successful business models. She had only... View Details
      Keywords: Ethical Behavior; Ethical Judgment; Entrepreneurship; Imitation; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Europe; Middle East
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., and Matthew Preble. "iMatari." Harvard Business School Case 313-083, March 2013. (Revised March 2015.)
      • 2012
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel
      Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state-sanctioned intellectual property rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect intellectual property (IP). We... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Open Source Distribution; Value; Complexity; Intellectual Property
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Joachim Henkel. "The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-040, December 2011. (Revised November 2012.)
      • 2011
      • Chapter

      American Exceptionalism?: A Comparative Analysis of the Origins and Trajectory of U.S. Business Education Development

      By: Rakesh Khurana
      As business education in an academic setting becomes an increasingly global phenomenon, the university-based business school in America remains a unique institution. This holds true despite the fact that the American business school as it evolved in the post-World War... View Details
      Keywords: Values and Beliefs; Business History; Business Education; Power and Influence; Society; United States; Europe
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      Khurana, Rakesh. "American Exceptionalism?: A Comparative Analysis of the Origins and Trajectory of U.S. Business Education Development." In Business Schools and their Contribution to Society, edited by Mette Morsing and Alfons Sauquet. Sage Publications, 2011.
      • May 2011
      • Book Review

      Book review of Learning by Example: Imitation and Innovation at a Global Bank, by David Strang.

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter
      Keywords: Learning; Innovation and Invention
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M. "Book review of Learning by Example: Imitation and Innovation at a Global Bank, by David Strang." American Journal of Sociology 116, no. 6 (May 2011).
      • January 2011
      • Article

      Does Intellectual Property Rights Reform Spur Industrial Development?

      By: Lee G. Branstetter, Ray Fisman, C. Fritz Foley and Kamal Saggi
      An extensive theoretical literature generates ambiguous predictions concerning the effects of intellectual property rights (IPR) reform on industrial development. The impact depends on whether multinational enterprises (MNEs) expand production in reforming countries... View Details
      Keywords: Development Economics; Foreign Direct Investment; Multinational Firms and Management; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Intellectual Property; Rights; Production; Expansion; United States
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      Branstetter, Lee G., Ray Fisman, C. Fritz Foley, and Kamal Saggi. "Does Intellectual Property Rights Reform Spur Industrial Development?" Journal of International Economics 83, no. 1 (January 2011): 27–36.
      • October 2010 (Revised May 2012)
      • Background Note

      Reverse Engineering, Learning, and Innovation

      By: Willy C. Shih
      This background reading looks at reverse engineering in the context of piracy and knock-offs in emerging markets like China. It first considers legal aspects of reverse engineering in strong property rights regimes like the United States as a way of unpacking the legal... View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Learning; Engineering; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Emerging Markets; China; United States
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      Shih, Willy C. "Reverse Engineering, Learning, and Innovation." Harvard Business School Background Note 611-039, October 2010. (Revised May 2012.)
      • October 2010
      • Teaching Note

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (TN)

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Teaching Note for 610057. View Details
      Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Transformation; Problems and Challenges; Taxation; Information Technology; Selection and Staffing; Talent and Talent Management; Corporate Strategy; Acquisition; Technology Adoption; Supply Chain; Motorcycle Industry
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      Shih, Willy C. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 611-011, October 2010.
      • August 2010 (Revised October 2010)
      • Case

      Patagonia

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Hyunjin Kim and Forest L. Reinhardt
      Patagonia was deeply committed to the environment. This commitment, at times, conflicted with the company's goal to create the most innovative products in its industry. Patagonia's founder and executives welcomed imitation of both its environmental commitment and its... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Environmental Sustainability; Business Model; Business Strategy; Expansion; Consumer Products Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Hyunjin Kim, and Forest L. Reinhardt. "Patagonia." Harvard Business School Case 711-020, August 2010. (Revised October 2010.)
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      We study sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic interactions between an innovative entrant and an incumbent where the incumbent may imitate the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Market Entry and Exit; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Value
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-003, July 2010. (Revised September 2011.)
      • May 2010 (Revised June 2012)
      • Case

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group

      By: Willy Shih and Nancy Hua Dai
      As Zuo Zongshen drove the transformation of the Zongshen Industrial Group from an early imitator in the motorcycle business to a company that increasingly focused on innovation as a way to get out of the hyper-competitive commodity business, he continually faced new... View Details
      Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Learning; Investment; Disruptive Innovation; Knowledge Acquisition; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Competitive Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Motorcycle Industry; China
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      Shih, Willy, and Nancy Hua Dai. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group." Harvard Business School Case 610-057, May 2010. (Revised June 2012.)
      • December 2008
      • Case

      Responding to Imitation: Intel vs. AMD in 1991

      By: Dennis A. Yao
      This case examines Intel's response to imitative entry by Advanced Micro Devices into the 386 microprocessor product category in which Intel had been the sole producer. The case is set in 1991 when AMD first introduces its Intel-compatible 386 processor and before... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Competition; Hardware; Technology Industry
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      Yao, Dennis A. "Responding to Imitation: Intel vs. AMD in 1991." Harvard Business School Case 709-450, December 2008.
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