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    • All HBS Web  (234)
      • Faculty Publications  (45)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Reallocation, and Trust

      By: Kyle Herkenhoff, Josh Lerner, Gordon M. Phillips, Francisca Rebelo and Benjamin Sampson
      We measure the real effects of private equity buyouts on worker outcomes by building a new database that links transactions to matched employer-employee data in the United States. To guide our empirical analysis, we derive testable implications from three theories in... View Details
      Keywords: Monopsony; Market Power; Productivity; Private Equity; Employment; Wages; Employees
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      Herkenhoff, Kyle, Josh Lerner, Gordon M. Phillips, Francisca Rebelo, and Benjamin Sampson. "Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Reallocation, and Trust." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-046, March 2025.
      • December 2024 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Balancing Returns and Responsibilities at Raya Partners

      By: Arthur Segel, Ephraim Mernick, Derek C. M. van Bever and Olivia Barba
      Raya Partners, a private equity firm, faces a crucial decision regarding Asa Specialty Coatings Company (ASCC). The dilemma involves shifting ASCC's manufacturing operations to Mexico, a move that would boost profitability and reduce emissions but result in significant... View Details
      Keywords: Factories, Labs, and Plants; Communication Strategy; Private Equity; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Values and Beliefs; Financial Services Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Mexico; Vermont
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      Segel, Arthur, Ephraim Mernick, Derek C. M. van Bever, and Olivia Barba. "Balancing Returns and Responsibilities at Raya Partners." Harvard Business School Case 325-068, December 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • September 2024
      • Case

      Leadership for Stretch Goals: Inspiring Employees to Achieve the Impossible at Charter Next Generation

      By: Ethan Rouen and Elisabeth Powell
      In 2023, Kathy Bolhous, CEO of Charter Next Generation (CNG), set out to achieve an ambitious "Moonshot"—increasing profits by $100 million within three years, purely through internal innovations and efficiency gains, without layoffs or new revenue streams. After years... View Details
      Keywords: Profit; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Leadership; Growth Management; Mission and Purpose; Employee Ownership; Motivation and Incentives
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      Rouen, Ethan, and Elisabeth Powell. "Leadership for Stretch Goals: Inspiring Employees to Achieve the Impossible at Charter Next Generation." Harvard Business School Case 125-025, September 2024.
      • May 2024 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Leading Culture Change at Microsoft Western Europe

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Cat Huang
      In 2023, Cindy Rose, President of Microsoft Western Europe, faced a critical decision. Rose grappled with the potential impact of widespread layoffs on psychological safety and the cultural transformation she had championed since her arrival. When Rose had first joined... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Organizational Culture; Transformation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Problems and Challenges; Motivation and Incentives; Groups and Teams; Business or Company Management; Technology Industry; Europe
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Cat Huang. "Leading Culture Change at Microsoft Western Europe." Harvard Business School Case 624-096, May 2024. (Revised April 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Dusting Off the Old Ones: Drug Licensing to Startups, Innovation Success and Efficiency

      By: Mosab Hammoudeh, Joshua Lev Krieger and Jiajie Xu
      This paper investigates whether moving R&D from incumbents to startups can increase innovation. Using comprehensive drug development data, we examine the outcomes of drug projects licensed from large firms to startups. We find that these projects licensed to startups... View Details
      Keywords: Product Development; Innovation and Invention; Business Startups; Research and Development; Performance Efficiency; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Hammoudeh, Mosab, Joshua Lev Krieger, and Jiajie Xu. "Dusting Off the Old Ones: Drug Licensing to Startups, Innovation Success and Efficiency." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-067, March 2024.
      • March–April 2024
      • Article

      Case Study: Navigating Labor Unrest

      By: Jorge Tamayo
      Paulo Ferreira, the president of Luna Brazil, has an ambitious plan to turn around the dismal performance of the plant he oversees in Campinas. The wrinkle is, he needs the buy-in of the powerful local union, which is still smarting from a 10-year-old labor conflict... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy And Execution; Layoffs; Manufacturing; Labor and Management Relations; Labor Unions; Negotiation Tactics; Conflict and Resolution; Performance Improvement; Corporate Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Brazil
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      Tamayo, Jorge. "Case Study: Navigating Labor Unrest." Harvard Business Review 102, no. 2 (March–April 2024): 144–149.
      • March 2024 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      Darktrace: Scaling Cybersecurity and AI (A)

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport and Alexis Lefort
      In 2023, Darktrace CEO Poppy Gustafsson was contemplating her growth strategy at a leading U.K.-based cybersecurity venture, launched in 2013 by a group of anti-terror cyber specialists, University of Cambridge mathematicians, and artificial intelligence (AI) experts.... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Talent; Scaling; Entrepreneurship; Cybersecurity; Leadership; Business Growth and Maturation; Recruitment; Resignation and Termination; AI and Machine Learning; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Culture; Going Public; Technology Industry; United Kingdom; Europe; United States
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., and Alexis Lefort. "Darktrace: Scaling Cybersecurity and AI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-092, March 2024. (Revised August 2024.)
      • March 2023 (Revised December 2023)
      • Background Note

      Economic Analysis: The Hidden Costs of Layoffs and Managing Staff Reductions

      By: Sandra J. Sucher, Marilyn Morgan Westner and Christopher Diak
      Globally, over the past fifty years, more companies have used layoffs to cut costs during periods of decreased demand or economic downturns. But layoffs have far-reaching consequences, generate hidden costs, and harm the company in myriad ways. This note reviews ways... View Details
      Keywords: Human Resource Management; Layoffs; Furloughs; Human Resources; Management Practices and Processes; Employee Relationship Management; Resignation and Termination; Compensation and Benefits; United States
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      Sucher, Sandra J., Marilyn Morgan Westner, and Christopher Diak. "Economic Analysis: The Hidden Costs of Layoffs and Managing Staff Reductions." Harvard Business School Background Note 323-073, March 2023. (Revised December 2023.)
      • March 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Layoffs in the Tech Industry: 2022–2023

      By: Sandra J. Sucher and Marilyn Morgan Westner
      This case examines the mass layoffs that swept through the tech industry (2022-2023) through the lens of four companies: Twitter, Stripe, Meta, and Google. How these companies implemented workforce change through mass layoffs raises critical questions applicable beyond... View Details
      Keywords: Layoffs; Human Resource Management; Workforce Reductions; Ethics; Human Resources; Management; Values and Beliefs; Employee Relationship Management; Resignation and Termination; Compensation and Benefits; Technology Industry; United States; United Kingdom
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      Sucher, Sandra J., and Marilyn Morgan Westner. "Layoffs in the Tech Industry: 2022–2023." Harvard Business School Case 323-095, March 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • December 8, 2022
      • Article

      What Companies Still Get Wrong about Layoffs

      By: Sandra J. Sucher and Marilyn Morgan Westner
      Research has long shown that layoffs have a detrimental effect on individuals and on corporate performance. The short-term cost savings provided by a layoff are often overshadowed by bad publicity, loss of knowledge, weakened engagement, higher voluntary turnover, and... View Details
      Keywords: Resignation and Termination; Employment; Selection and Staffing; Performance
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      Sucher, Sandra J., and Marilyn Morgan Westner. "What Companies Still Get Wrong about Layoffs." Harvard Business Review (website) (December 8, 2022).
      • January 2021
      • Article

      State and Local Government Employment in the COVID-19 Crisis

      By: Daniel Green and Erik Loualiche
      Local governments are facing large losses in revenues and increased expenditures because of the COVID-19 crisis. We document a causal relationship between fiscal pressures induced by COVID-19 and the layoffs of state and local government workers. States that depend... View Details
      Keywords: Local Government; Municipal Finance; Public Finance; Fiscal Capacity; Fiscal Policy; Governance; Local Range; Health Pandemics; Employment; Finance; Policy; Public Sector
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      Green, Daniel, and Erik Loualiche. "State and Local Government Employment in the COVID-19 Crisis." Art. 104321. Journal of Public Economics 193 (January 2021).
      • Article

      The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Outcomes and Expectations

      By: Alexander Bartik, Marianne Bertrand, Zoë B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca and Christopher Stanton
      To explore the impact of COVID on small businesses, we conducted a survey of more than 5,800 small businesses between March 28 and April 4, 2020. Several themes emerged. First, mass layoffs and closures had already occurred—just a few weeks into the crisis. Second, the... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Stimulus; CARES Act; Health Pandemics; Small Business; Surveys
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      Bartik, Alexander, Marianne Bertrand, Zoë B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca, and Christopher Stanton. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Outcomes and Expectations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 30 (July 28, 2020): 17656–66.
      • July 2019
      • Teaching Note

      AT&T, Retraining, and the Workforce of Tomorrow

      By: William R. Kerr and Carl Kreitzberg
      A Teaching Note for the "AT&T, Retraining, and the Workforce of Tomorrow" case study (HBS#820-017). The case describes how AT&T designed and implemented a program to retrain 100,000 of its workers. The case first reviews the technological forces that compelled AT&T to... View Details
      Keywords: AT&T; Workforce; Future Of Work; Telecommunications; Unions; Technological Change; Layoffs; MOOCS; Strategic Planning; Employees; Training; Labor; Learning; Labor Unions; Technology Adoption; Talent and Talent Management; Transformation; Telecommunications Industry; Communications Industry; United States
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      Kerr, William R., and Carl Kreitzberg. "AT&T, Retraining, and the Workforce of Tomorrow." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 820-018, July 2019.
      • July 2019 (Revised May 2020)
      • Case

      AT&T, Retraining, and the Workforce of Tomorrow

      By: William R. Kerr, Joseph B. Fuller and Carl Kreitzberg
      By the late 2000s, rapid changes in the telecommunications industry forced AT&T’s management team to take on a task that CEO Randall Stephenson called the “biggest logistical challenge” they had ever seen: retraining 100,000 workers by 2020. In 2012, internal company... View Details
      Keywords: AT&T; Workforce; Skills; Future Of Work; Telecommunications; Unions; Technological Change; Layoffs; MOOCS; Strategic Planning; Employees; Training; Competency and Skills; Labor; Learning; Labor Unions; Technology Adoption; Talent and Talent Management; Telecommunications Industry; Communications Industry; United States
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      Kerr, William R., Joseph B. Fuller, and Carl Kreitzberg. "AT&T, Retraining, and the Workforce of Tomorrow." Harvard Business School Case 820-017, July 2019. (Revised May 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Labor Market Shocks and the Demand for Trade Protection: Evidence from Online Surveys

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Dani Rodrik
      We study preferences for government action in response to layoffs resulting from different types of labor-market shocks. We consider the following shocks: technological change, a demand shift, bad management, and three kinds of international outsourcing. Respondents... View Details
      Keywords: Labor; Markets; System Shocks; Trade; Attitudes; Surveys
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Dani Rodrik. "Labor Market Shocks and the Demand for Trade Protection: Evidence from Online Surveys." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 25705, March 2019.
      • October 2018 (Revised March 2019)
      • Background Note

      Note on Managing Workforce Reductions

      By: Ethan Bernstein and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      Each individual who enters an organization will, at some point, leave. And yet most future leaders spend significantly more effort learning about recruiting than departures, despite the sensitivity and challenges associated with the latter. This note is intended to... View Details
      Keywords: Layoffs; Downsizing; Workforce; Workforce Reductions; Delayering; Human Resources; Employees; Resignation and Termination; Management; Organizations; Reputation
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      Bernstein, Ethan, and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Note on Managing Workforce Reductions." Harvard Business School Background Note 419-039, October 2018. (Revised March 2019.)
      • May 2018
      • Teaching Note

      AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century

      By: Daniel P. Gross and William R. Kerr
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 718-486. View Details
      Keywords: AT&T; Bell Telephone; Phone Lines; Phone Operators; Mechanical Switching; Layoffs; Technological Change; Transition; History; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Disruption; Change Management; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry; United States
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      Gross, Daniel P., and William R. Kerr. "AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 718-518, May 2018.
      • May–June 2018
      • Article

      Layoffs That Don't Break Your Company: Better Approaches to Workforce Transition

      By: Sandra J. Sucher and Shalene Gupta
      Today layoffs have become companies’ default response to the challenges created by advances in technology and global competition. Yet research shows that job cuts rarely help senior leaders achieve their goals. Too often, they’re done for short-term gain, but the cost... View Details
      Keywords: Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Employees; Transition; Strategic Planning
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      Sucher, Sandra J., and Shalene Gupta. "Layoffs That Don't Break Your Company: Better Approaches to Workforce Transition." Harvard Business Review 96, no. 3 (May–June 2018): 122–129.
      • January 2018 (Revised May 2018)
      • Case

      AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century

      By: Daniel P. Gross and William R. Kerr
      By the 1930s, AT&T dominated the American phone industry, serving 10 million telephones and employing over 100,000 switchboard operators. But beginning in the mid-1910s, the company began changing from manually operated switchboards to mechanical switching systems that... View Details
      Keywords: AT&T; Bell Telephone; Phone Lines; Phone Operators; Mechanical Switching; Layoffs; Technological Change; Transition; History; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Disruption; Change Management; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry; United States
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      Gross, Daniel P., and William R. Kerr. "AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century." Harvard Business School Case 718-486, January 2018. (Revised May 2018.)
      • July 2017 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      Donald Trump Calls Carrier Corporation

      By: Andy Zelleke and Brian Tilley
      This case examines the influence of political pressure on corporate decision-making. It questions whether fidelity to domestic operations ought to be a corporate social responsibility, and thus it challenges the limits of “social responsibility” as a corporate ideal.... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Board Decisions; Political Influence; Layoffs; Offshoring And Outsourcing; Manufacturing; United States; Mexico; Governing and Advisory Boards; Decision Making; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Political Elections; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Corporate Governance; Technology Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Connecticut; Indiana; Mexico
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      Zelleke, Andy, and Brian Tilley. "Donald Trump Calls Carrier Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 318-030, July 2017. (Revised September 2017.)
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