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Publications

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  • All HBS Web  (22)
    • Faculty Publications  (9)

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    • All HBS Web  (22)
      • Faculty Publications  (9)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Code-Washing: Evidence from Open-Source Blockchain Startups

      By: Ofir Gefen, Daniel Rabetti, Yannan Sun and Che Zhang
      This study examines startups' management of source code repositories, distinguishing authentic developers ("code-producers''), from those inflating activity to mislead investors ("code-washers''). Using global blockchain startup and GitHub data, we find that... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurial Finance; Open Source Distribution; Business Startups
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      Gefen, Ofir, Daniel Rabetti, Yannan Sun, and Che Zhang. "Code-Washing: Evidence from Open-Source Blockchain Startups." Working Paper, January 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Generative AI and the Nature of Work

      By: Manuel Hoffmann, Sam Boysel, Frank Nagle, Sida Peng and Kevin Xu
      Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology demonstrate a considerable potential to complement human capital intensive activities. While an emerging literature documents wide-ranging productivity effects of AI, relatively little attention has been paid... View Details
      Keywords: Generative Ai; Digital Work; Open Source Software; Knowledge Economy; AI and Machine Learning; Open Source Distribution; Organizational Structure; Performance Productivity; Labor
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      Hoffmann, Manuel, Sam Boysel, Frank Nagle, Sida Peng, and Kevin Xu. "Generative AI and the Nature of Work." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-021, October 2024. (Revised April 2025.)
      • May 2024
      • Teaching Plan

      AllSpice: GitHub for Hardware Engineers

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      Teaching Plan for HBS Case No. 823-022. View Details
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "AllSpice: GitHub for Hardware Engineers." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 824-165, May 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Teaching Note

      CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub

      By: Frank Nagle and Maria P. Roche
      This teaching note is the companion to case N9-624-010 CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub, which takes place in late 2021. The case briefly describes the history of both GitHub and Microsoft with a particular focus on open source software (OSS)—software... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Technological Innovation; Product Launch; Open Source Distribution; Product Development; Commercialization; Competition; Resource Allocation; Technology Industry
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      Nagle, Frank, and Maria P. Roche. "CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-452, March 2024.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Copilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub

      By: Frank Nagle, Shane Greenstein, Maria P. Roche, Nataliya Langburd Wright and Sarah Mehta
      This case tells the story of Microsoft’s 2018 acquisition of GitHub and the subsequent launch of GitHub Copilot, a tool that uses generative artificial intelligence to suggest snippets of code to software developers in real time. Set in late 2021, when Copilot was... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Strategy; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Product Launch; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Web Services Industry; United States; California
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      Nagle, Frank, Shane Greenstein, Maria P. Roche, Nataliya Langburd Wright, and Sarah Mehta. "Copilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub." Harvard Business School Case 624-010, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Open Source Software and Global Entrepreneurship

      By: Nataliya Langburd Wright, Frank Nagle and Shane Greenstein
      This is the first study to consider the relationship between open source software (OSS) and entrepreneurship around the globe. This study measures whether country-level participation on the GitHub OSS platform affects the founding of innovative ventures, and where it... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Applications and Software; Business Ventures; Development Economics; Innovation and Invention; Global Range
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      Wright, Nataliya Langburd, Frank Nagle, and Shane Greenstein. "Open Source Software and Global Entrepreneurship." Art. 104846. Research Policy 52, no. 9 (November 2023).
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Better Keep the Twenty Dollars: Incentivizing Innovation in Open Source

      By: Annamaria Conti, Vansh Gupta, Jorge Guzman and Maria P. Roche
      Open source is key to innovation yet is assumed to be done largely through intrinsic motivation. How can we incentivize it? In this paper, we examine the impact of a program providing monetary incentives to motivate innovators to contribute to open source. The Sponsors... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source; Innovation; Incentives; Financial Rewards; Crowding Out; Open Source Distribution; Innovation and Invention; Motivation and Incentives; Technology Industry
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      Conti, Annamaria, Vansh Gupta, Jorge Guzman, and Maria P. Roche. "Better Keep the Twenty Dollars: Incentivizing Innovation in Open Source." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-014, September 2023. (Revised January 2025. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31668, September 2023)
      • September 2022
      • Case

      AllSpice: GitHub for Hardware Engineers

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Mel Martin
      AllSpice, a software-as-a-service company that built a GitHub-like revision control tool for hardware engineers, was in the midst of preparing for rapid scale when the 2022 market downturn left them with big decisions to make. Cofounder and CEO Valentina Ratner had to... View Details
      Keywords: Scaling; SaaS; Strategy; Marketing; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Customer Focus and Relationships; Technology Industry; Electronics Industry; United States
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Mel Martin. "AllSpice: GitHub for Hardware Engineers." Harvard Business School Case 823-022, September 2022.
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Engagement with Open Source Communities, Innovation, and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub

      By: Annamaria Conti, Christian Peukert and Maria P. Roche
      We study the engagement of nascent firms with open source communities and its implications for innovation and attracting funding. To do so, we link data on 160,065 U.S. startups from Crunchbase to their activities on the open source software development platform... View Details
      Keywords: Startups; Knowledge; Open Source Communities; GitHub; Machine Learning; Innovation; Business Startups; Venture Capital; Information Technology; Strategy
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      Conti, Annamaria, Christian Peukert, and Maria P. Roche. "Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Engagement with Open Source Communities, Innovation, and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub." Organization Science (forthcoming). (Pre-published online March 7, 2025.)
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