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    • All HBS Web  (363)
      • Faculty Publications  (44)

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      • April 2025
      • Article

      Corporate Ownership and ESG Performance

      By: Belen Villalonga, Peter Tufano and Boya Wang
      Using a sample of 3083 firms from 62 countries over 18 years, we analyze how the structure and identity of firms' material owners influence their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance. We find that firms with founding families or other individual... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; CSR; Family Firms; Social Responsibility; Environment; Sustainability; Ownership; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Corporate Governance; Environmental Sustainability
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      Villalonga, Belen, Peter Tufano, and Boya Wang. "Corporate Ownership and ESG Performance." Journal of Corporate Finance 91 (April 2025).
      • March 2025
      • Case

      Metaphysic AI: Rethinking the Value of Human Expertise

      By: Zoë B. Cullen, Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
      In early 2025, Thomas Graham, CEO of Metaphysic, a leading AI generative video company confronted fundamental questions about who should control digital identity in a world where AI could perfectly recreate human likeness. Founded in 2021, Metaphysic first rose to fame... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Ethics; AI and Machine Learning; Intellectual Property; Rights; Negotiation; Value; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Technology Industry
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      Cullen, Zoë B., Shikhar Ghosh, and Shweta Bagai. "Metaphysic AI: Rethinking the Value of Human Expertise." Harvard Business School Case 825-146, March 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Article

      Sale of Private Equity–Owned Physician Practices and Physician Turnover

      By: Victoria Berquist, Lev Klarnet and Leemore Dafny
      Private equity (PE) ownership of physician practices is increasing, with owners targeting sales, or exits, in 3 to 7 years. Little is known about the association of exit with physician retention and subsequent employment. Using panel data over the period 2014-2020, we... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Retention; Health Industry
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      Berquist, Victoria, Lev Klarnet, and Leemore Dafny. "Sale of Private Equity–Owned Physician Practices and Physician Turnover." JAMA Health Forum 6, no. 2 (February 2025).
      • July 2024
      • Case

      Knowledge-Enabled Financial Advice: Digital Transformation at Edward Jones

      By: Lauren Cohen, Richard Ryffel, Grace Headinger and Sophia Pan
      Edward Jones, a wealth management advisory firm that prided itself on its interpersonal connections and face-to-face interactions, was eager to augment their services with AI capabilities. Built on 1-to-1 close-knit relationships, the firm had more than 15,000 offices... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Innovation And Strategy; Financial Advisors; Big Data; Artificial Intelligence; Digitization; Financial Institutions; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Technology Adoption; Business Plan; Technological Innovation; Interpersonal Communication; Communication Intention and Meaning; Communication Strategy; Transformation; Employee Stock Ownership Plan; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Customer Relationship Management; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Strategy; Financial Services Industry; St. Louis; Missouri; United States; Canada
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      Cohen, Lauren, Richard Ryffel, Grace Headinger, and Sophia Pan. "Knowledge-Enabled Financial Advice: Digital Transformation at Edward Jones." Harvard Business School Case 225-009, July 2024.
      • September 2023
      • Article

      Corporate Purpose in Public and Private Firms

      By: Claudine Gartenberg and George Serafeim
      Analyzing data from approximately 1.5 million employees across 1,108 established public and private US companies, we find that the strength of employee beliefs related to purpose is weaker in public companies. Among public companies, those beliefs are stronger for... View Details
      Keywords: Purpose; Corporate Purpose; Culture; Corporate Culture; Public And Private Organizations; Hedge Fund; Executive Pay; Corporate Governance; Corporate Strategy; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Employees; Attitudes; Executive Compensation; Ownership
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      Gartenberg, Claudine, and George Serafeim. "Corporate Purpose in Public and Private Firms." Management Science 69, no. 9 (September 2023): 5087–5111.
      • August 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-003, August 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Earnings Management; Environmental Accounting; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decisions; Voting; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercial Banking; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Motivation and Incentives; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 624-036, August 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • July 2022
      • Teaching Note

      Arçelik (A), (B): From a Dealer Network to an Omnichannel Experience

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Fares Khrais and Menna Hassan
      Arçelik Turkey, the country’s market leader in household appliances, was at an omnichannel crossroads in January 2020. Arçelik was a B2B player utilizing a dealership network with an umbrella of brands and had one of the largest brick-and-mortar store networks in... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Marketing; Bricks And Mortar; Franchise Management; Franchising; Dealer Network; Dealers; B2B; B2B2C; Tradition; Culture Change; Cultural Adaptation; Omnichannel; Omnichannel Retail; Omni-channel; Omnichannel Retailing; Sales Channels; Sales Channel Development; Channel Management; Channels Of Distribution; Marketplace; Platforms; Collaboration; Online Channel; Online Data; Online Sales; Online Shopping; Online; Retail; Retailing; Disruption; Transformation; Franchise Ownership; Change Management; Partners and Partnerships; Consumer Behavior; Sales; Internet and the Web; Marketing Strategy; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Organizational Culture; Distribution Channels; Digital Transformation; Electronics Industry; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Turkey
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Fares Khrais, and Menna Hassan. "Arçelik (A), (B): From a Dealer Network to an Omnichannel Experience." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-009, July 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Property Rights and Urban Form

      By: Simeon Djankov, Edward L. Glaeser, Valeria Perotti and Andrei Shleifer
      How do the different elements in the standard bundle of property rights, including those of possession and transfer, influence the shape of cities? This paper incorporates insecure property rights into a standard model of urban land prices and density, and makes... View Details
      Keywords: Property; Rights; City; Development Economics; Global Range
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      Djankov, Simeon, Edward L. Glaeser, Valeria Perotti, and Andrei Shleifer. "Property Rights and Urban Form." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28793, May 2021.
      • January 2021 (Revised May 2021)
      • Case

      Amazon Shopper Panel: Paying Customers for Their Data

      By: Eva Ascarza and Ayelet Israeli
      This case introduces a new Amazon program that has consumers upload their receipts from transactions outside of Amazon, in exchange for money. Through the discussion, the case aims to explore issues in customers’ privacy in the digital age, the value of customers’ own... View Details
      Keywords: Data Analytics; Data Privacy; Data Management; "Marketing Analytics"; Marketing Communication; Marketing Research; Data-driven Management; E-Commerce Strategy; Ethical Decision Making; CRM; Consumer Protection; Targeted Advertising; Targeted Policies; Data Ownership; Marketing; Research; Marketing Communications; Analytics and Data Science; Management; Customer Relationship Management; Ethics; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, and Ayelet Israeli. "Amazon Shopper Panel: Paying Customers for Their Data." Harvard Business School Case 521-058, January 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
      • January 2021 (Revised March 2022)
      • Case

      Arçelik: From a Dealer Network to an Omnichannel Experience

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Fares Khrais
      Arçelik Turkey, the country’s market leader in household appliances, was at an omnichannel crossroads in January 2020. Arçelik was a B2B player utilizing a dealership network with an umbrella of brands and had one of the largest brick-and-mortar store networks in... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Marketing; Bricks And Mortar; Franchise Management; Franchising; Dealer Network; Dealers; B2B; B2B2C; Tradition; Culture Change; Cultural Adaptation; Omnichannel; Omnichannel Retail; Omni-channel; Omnichannel Retailing; Sales Channels; Sales Channel Development; Channel Management; Channels Of Distribution; Marketplace; Platforms; Collaboration; Online Channel; Online Data; Online Sales; Online Shopping; Online; Retail; Retailing; Disruption; Transformation; Franchise Ownership; Change Management; Partners and Partnerships; Consumer Behavior; Sales; Internet and the Web; Marketing Strategy; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Organizational Culture; Distribution Channels; Digital Transformation; Digital Platforms; Electronics Industry; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Turkey
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Fares Khrais. "Arçelik: From a Dealer Network to an Omnichannel Experience." Harvard Business School Case 521-067, January 2021. (Revised March 2022.)
      • January 2, 2020
      • Article

      Changes in Quality of Care After Hospital Mergers and Acquisitions

      By: Nancy Dean Beaulieu, Leemore S. Dafny, B. E. Landon, Jesse Dalton, Ifedayo Kuye and J. Michael McWilliams
      Background: The hospital industry has consolidated substantially during the past two decades and at an accelerated pace since 2010. Multiple studies have shown that hospital mergers have led to higher prices for commercially insured patients, but research about effects... View Details
      Keywords: Hospitals; Mergers and Acquisitions; Health Care and Treatment; Quality
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      Beaulieu, Nancy Dean, Leemore S. Dafny, B. E. Landon, Jesse Dalton, Ifedayo Kuye, and J. Michael McWilliams. "Changes in Quality of Care After Hospital Mergers and Acquisitions." New England Journal of Medicine 382, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 51–59.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Internal Models, Make Believe Prices, and Bond Market Cornering

      By: Ishita Sen and Varun Sharma
      Exploiting position-level heterogeneity in regulatory incentives to misreport and novel data on regulators, we document that U.S. life insurers inflate the values of corporate bonds using internal models. We estimate an additional $9-$18 billion decline in regulatory... View Details
      Keywords: Life Insurers; Capital Regulation; Internal Models; Corporate Bonds; Regulatory Supervision; Concentrated Ownership; Bonds; Capital; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Insurance; Investment Portfolio
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      Sen, Ishita, and Varun Sharma. "Internal Models, Make Believe Prices, and Bond Market Cornering." Working Paper, June 2020.
      • September 2019 (Revised August 2020)
      • Case

      Engineering an Inclusive Bioeconomy

      By: Tarun Khanna, Raffaella Sadun and Susie L. Ma
      In 2019, entrepreneur Juan Carlos Castilla-Rubio was developing a project he hoped could generate and share wealth from the natural resources of the Amazon without destroying those resources. His idea, called Earth Bank of Codes (EBC), would create a library of the... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Development Economics; Entrepreneurship; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; Emerging Markets; Market Design; Marketplace Matching; Science; Genetics; Natural Environment; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Social Enterprise; Strategy; Strategic Planning; Information Technology; Ownership; Social Psychology; Trust; Society; Biotechnology Industry; South America; Amazon Basin
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      Khanna, Tarun, Raffaella Sadun, and Susie L. Ma. "Engineering an Inclusive Bioeconomy." Harvard Business School Case 720-356, September 2019. (Revised August 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Does Public Ownership and Accountability Increase Diversity? Evidence from IPOs

      By: Rembrand Koning and John-Paul Ferguson
      Does public ownership improve employment diversity? Organizational researchers theorize that increased transparency to regulators and the public should lead firms to conform to legal and social norms—but that social closure and decoupling should preserve the status... View Details
      Keywords: IPO; Initial Public Offering; Employees; Diversity; Gender; Race; Entrepreneurship; United States
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      Koning, Rembrand, and John-Paul Ferguson. "Does Public Ownership and Accountability Increase Diversity? Evidence from IPOs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-071, January 2019.
      • October 2018
      • Supplement

      JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (B)

      By: George Serafeim and David Freiberg
      The case outlines JetBlue's decision to disclose according to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards and the ESG metrics they began reporting. Data on resulting changes in institutional ownership are also provided. View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Metrics; Leadership And Change Management; Airlines; Innovation; Purpose; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainability Reporting; Change Management; Leadership; Mission and Purpose; Financial Reporting
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 119-044, October 2018.
      • September 26, 2018
      • Article

      Ownership and Power Structure: Together at Last

      By: Laura Alfaro, Nicholas Bloom, Paola Conconi, Harald Fadinger, Patrick Legros, Andrew Newman, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen
      Economists have largely ignored the deep interdependency between integration and delegation. This column describes a new theory of integration and delegation choices aimed at shedding light on how these distinct elements of organizational design interact. Contrary to... View Details
      Keywords: Power; Organisational Design; Economics; Ownership; Organizational Design
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      Alfaro, Laura, Nicholas Bloom, Paola Conconi, Harald Fadinger, Patrick Legros, Andrew Newman, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "Ownership and Power Structure: Together at Last." Vox, CEPR Policy Portal (September 26, 2018).
      • February 2017
      • Background Note

      A Note on Franchising (Abridged)

      By: Paul A. Gompers
      Examines the motivations for franchising. Examines the academic literature in the area and draws implications for franchising patterns. Also provides data on franchising patterns. View Details
      Keywords: Franchise Ownership
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      Gompers, Paul A. "A Note on Franchising (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Background Note 217-059, February 2017.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Why and How Investors Use ESG Information: Evidence from a Global Survey

      By: Georgios Serafeim
      Using survey data from a sample of senior investment professionals from mainstream (i.e., not SRI funds) investment organizations, we provide insights into why and how investors use reported environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information. The primary reason... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Management; Sustainability; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Investment Fund; Investment Strategy; Corporate Accountability; Activist Shareholder; Engagement; Environment; Climate Change; Customers; Customer Satisfaction; Employee Engagement; Global Warming; Investment; Decision Making; Environmental Sustainability; Performance Expectations
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      Serafeim, Georgios. "Why and How Investors Use ESG Information: Evidence from a Global Survey." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-079, February 2017.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Self-Employment Dynamics and the Returns to Entrepreneurship

      By: Eleanor W. Dillon and Christopher T. Stanton
      Small business owners and others in self-employment have the option to transition to paid work. If there is initial uncertainty about entrepreneurial earnings, this option increases the expected lifetime value of self-employment relative to pay in a single year. This... View Details
      Keywords: Self-employed; Small Business; Business Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Ownership; Compensation and Benefits
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      Dillon, Eleanor W., and Christopher T. Stanton. "Self-Employment Dynamics and the Returns to Entrepreneurship." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-022, September 2016. (Revised March 2018.)
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