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  • All HBS Web  (84)
    • News  (2)
    • Research  (70)
  • Faculty Publications  (16)

Show Results For

  • All HBS Web  (84)
    • News  (2)
    • Research  (70)
  • Faculty Publications  (16)
Page 1 of 84 Results →
  • March 2022 (Revised January 2025)
  • Technical Note

Exploratory Data Analysis

By: Iavor I. Bojinov, Michael Parzen and Paul Hamilton
This module note provides an overview of exploratory data analysis for an introduction to data science course. It begins by defining the term "data", and then describes the different types of data that companies work with (structured v. unstructured, categorical v.... View Details
Keywords: Data Analysis; Data Science; Statistics; Data Visualization; Exploratory Data Analysis; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis
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Bojinov, Iavor I., Michael Parzen, and Paul Hamilton. "Exploratory Data Analysis." Harvard Business School Technical Note 622-098, March 2022. (Revised January 2025.)
  • winter 2003
  • Article

Massively Categorical Variables: Revealing the Information in Zip Codes

We introduce the idea of a massively categorical variable, a variable such as zip code that takes on too many values to be treated in the standard manner, and show how to use it directly as explanatory variables in an econometric model. In an application of this... View Details
Keywords: Strategy; Analytics and Data Science; Behavior; Marketing; Standards; Finance
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Steenburgh, Thomas J., Andrew Ainslie, and Peder Hans Engebretson. "Massively Categorical Variables: Revealing the Information in Zip Codes." Marketing Science 22, no. 1 (winter 2003): 40–57.
  • August 2021
  • Article

Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas

By: F.M. Hollenbach, I. Bojinov, S. Minhas, N.W. Metternich, M.D. Ward and A. Volfovsky
Missing observations are pervasive throughout empirical research, especially in the social sciences. Despite multiple approaches to dealing adequately with missing data, many scholars still fail to address this vital issue. In this paper, we present a simple-to-use... View Details
Keywords: Missing Data; Bayesian Statistics; Imputation; Categorical Data; Estimation
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Hollenbach, F.M., I. Bojinov, S. Minhas, N.W. Metternich, M.D. Ward, and A. Volfovsky. "Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas." Special Issue on New Quantitative Approaches to Studying Social Inequality. Sociological Methods & Research 50, no. 3 (August 2021): 1259–1283. (0049124118799381.)
  • 19 Dec 2023
  • Research & Ideas

$15 Billion in Five Years: What Data Tells Us About MacKenzie Scott’s Philanthropy

finished giving, but with more than $15 billion granted to nearly 2,000 organizations, some meaningful patterns have begun to emerge. We parsed all the Yield Giving donation information available to date and matched it with Internal Revenue Service View Details
Keywords: by Matthew Lee, Brian Trelstad, and Ethan Tran
  • Article

Tabulated Nonsense? Testing the Validity of the Ethnographic Atlas

By: Duman Bahrami-Rad, Anke Becker and Joseph Henrich
The Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock, 1967), an anthropological database, is widely used across the social sciences. The Atlas is a quantified and discretely categorized collection of information gleaned from ethnographies covering more than 1200... View Details
Keywords: Ethnographic Atlas; Validation; Culture; Economic Anthropology
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Bahrami-Rad, Duman, Anke Becker, and Joseph Henrich. "Tabulated Nonsense? Testing the Validity of the Ethnographic Atlas." Art. 109880. Economics Letters 204 (July 2021).
  • Article

Fast Generalized Subset Scan for Anomalous Pattern Detection

By: Edward McFowland III, Skyler Speakman and Daniel B. Neill
We propose Fast Generalized Subset Scan (FGSS), a new method for detecting anomalous patterns in general categorical data sets. We frame the pattern detection problem as a search over subsets of data records and attributes, maximizing a nonparametric scan statistic... View Details
Keywords: Pattern Detection; Anomaly Detection; Knowledge Discovery; Bayesian Networks; Scan Statistics; Analytics and Data Science
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McFowland III, Edward, Skyler Speakman, and Daniel B. Neill. "Fast Generalized Subset Scan for Anomalous Pattern Detection." Art. 12. Journal of Machine Learning Research 14 (2013): 1533–1561.
  • November 2003 (Revised December 2003)
  • Background Note

Note on School Choice in U.S. Public Education

This note surveys school choice in the United States. School choice characterizes the school assignment of approximately 56% of U.S. school-aged children and, in order of popularity, can be categorized into seven types: residential choice, private schools, intra- and... View Details
Keywords: Education; United States
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Leschly, Stig. "Note on School Choice in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 804-091, November 2003. (Revised December 2003.)
  • Article

Assessing the Food and Drug Administration's Risk-Based Framework for Software Precertification with Top Health Apps in the United States: Quality Improvement Study

By: Noy Alon, Ariel Dora Stern and John Torous
BACKGROUND: As the development of mobile health apps continues to accelerate, the need to implement a framework that can standardize categorizing these apps to allow for efficient, yet robust regulation grows. However, regulators and researchers are faced with numerous... View Details
Keywords: Mobile Health; Smartphone; Food And Drug Administration; Risk-based Framework; Health Care and Treatment; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Applications and Software; Framework
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Alon, Noy, Ariel Dora Stern, and John Torous. "Assessing the Food and Drug Administration's Risk-Based Framework for Software Precertification with Top Health Apps in the United States: Quality Improvement Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 10 (October 2020).
  • 2013
  • Working Paper

An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay

By: Jillian Berry Jaeker and Anita Tucker
We use two years of inpatient data from 243 California hospitals to quantify the relationship between hospital-level workload and patient length of stay (LOS), and its "spillover" effects across patient types. Patients are categorized as medical or surgical, and the... View Details
Keywords: Workload; Processing Times; Healthcare; Working Conditions; Performance Productivity; Time Management; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry; California
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Berry Jaeker, Jillian, and Anita Tucker. "An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-052, December 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
  • October 2006 (Revised August 2023)
  • Background Note

Note on Student Outcomes in U.S. Public Education

By: Stacey M. Childress, Stig Leschly and John J-H Kim
Surveys educational outcomes among public school students in the United States. Educational outcomes are categorized as achievement outcomes (measured primarily by students' performance on standardized test results) and attainment outcomes (measured primarily by... View Details
Keywords: Demographics; Education; Outcome or Result; Public Administration Industry; Education Industry; United States
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Childress, Stacey M., Stig Leschly, and John J-H Kim. "Note on Student Outcomes in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 307-068, October 2006. (Revised August 2023.)
  • 2023
  • Article

M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models

By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai and Haoyi Xiong
While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been widely studied to explain predictions made by deep neural networks, the way to evaluate the faithfulness of explanation results remains challenging, due to the heterogeneity of explanations for... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning
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Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai, and Haoyi Xiong. "M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
  • 13 Feb 2007
  • Working Paper Summaries

Electronic Hierarchies and Electronic Heterarchies: Relationship-Specific Assets and the Governance of Interfirm IT

Keywords: by Andrew McAfee, Marco Bettiol & Maria Chiarvesio; Technology
  • 11 Apr 2023
  • Research & Ideas

Is Amazon a Retailer, a Tech Firm, or a Media Company? How AI Can Help Investors Decide

estate company—they have a lot of buildings,” says MarcAntonio Awada, head of research and data science at the Digital, Data, and Design Institute at Harvard (D^3). For an investor looking for an edge, the distinction could be critical.... View Details
Keywords: by Danielle Kost; Consumer Products; Real Estate; Financial Services; Retail
  • August 2022
  • Article

Availability of New Medicines in the U.S. and Germany From 2004 to 2018

By: Katharina Blankart, Huseyin Naci and Amitabh Chandra
Importance: Germany's unique approach to coverage determination and pricing has ensured that effective medicines remain on the market, often at prices reduced through negotiation. However, less is known about trade-offs of this approach with regard to initial... View Details
Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Price; Market Timing; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States; Germany
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Blankart, Katharina, Huseyin Naci, and Amitabh Chandra. "Availability of New Medicines in the U.S. and Germany From 2004 to 2018." e2229231. JAMA Network Open 5, no. 8 (August 2022).
  • 2025
  • Working Paper

Trade and Industrial Policy in Supply Chains: Directed Technological Change in Rare Earths

By: Laura Alfaro, Harald Fadinger, Jay Schymik and Gede Virananda
Trade and industrial policies, while primarily intended to support domestic industries, may unintentionally stimulate technological progress abroad. We document this mechanism in the case of rare earth elements (REEs)—critical inputs for manufacturing at the knowledge... View Details
Keywords: Industrial Policy; Global Value Chains; Directed Technological Change; Input-output Linkages; Innovation; Trade; Metals and Minerals; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Technology Industry
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Alfaro, Laura, Harald Fadinger, Jay Schymik, and Gede Virananda. "Trade and Industrial Policy in Supply Chains: Directed Technological Change in Rare Earths." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-059, May 2025.
  • Article

The Ownership and Trading of Debt Claims in Chapter 11 Restructurings

By: Victoria Ivashina, Benjamin Iverson and David C. Smith
What is the ownership structure of bankrupt debt claims? How does the ownership evolve though bankruptcy? And how does debt ownership influence Chapter 11 outcomes? To answer these questions, we construct a data set that identifies the entire capital structure for 136... View Details
Keywords: Ownership Structure; Distressed Debt; Trading In Bankruptcy; Restructuring; Capital Structure; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Ownership; Borrowing and Debt; United States
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Ivashina, Victoria, Benjamin Iverson, and David C. Smith. "The Ownership and Trading of Debt Claims in Chapter 11 Restructurings." Journal of Financial Economics 119, no. 2 (February 2016): 316–335.
  • January 2023
  • Article

The Dark Side of Machiavellian Rhetoric: Signaling in Reward-Based Crowdfunding Performance

By: Goran Calic, Rene Arseneault and Maryam Ghasemaghaei
In this study, we explore the impact of Machiavellian rhetoric on fundraising within the increasingly important context of online crowdfunding. The “all-or-nothing” funding model used by the world’s largest crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, may be an attractive... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Communication Strategy; Entrepreneurial Finance; Behavior
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Calic, Goran, Rene Arseneault, and Maryam Ghasemaghaei. "The Dark Side of Machiavellian Rhetoric: Signaling in Reward-Based Crowdfunding Performance." Journal of Business Ethics 182, no. 3 (January 2023): 875–896.
  • 15 May 2015
  • Research & Ideas

Kids Benefit From Having a Working Mom

To gauge the global effect of working moms, the researchers dug into data from the International Social Survey Programme, a global consortium of organizations that conduct social science research, and studied 2002 and 2012 responses to a... View Details
Keywords: by Carmen Nobel
  • 10 Jan 2023
  • Research & Ideas

How to Live Happier in 2023: Diversify Your Social Circle

closely, the researchers conducted an online survey of nearly 600 people in the United States, asking them to recall their social interactions the previous day and categorize them into categories like stranger, acquaintance, friend, or... View Details
Keywords: by Michael Blanding
  • Web

Technology & Innovation - Faculty & Research

production workers) are associated with more autonomy and a wider span of control. By contrast, communication technologies (like data networks) decrease autonomy for both workers and plant managers. Treating technology as endogenous using... View Details
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