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      • Faculty Publications  (209)

      JudgmentsRemove Judgments →

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      • 2015
      • Article

      Beliefs About the True Self Explain Asymmetries Based on Moral Judgment

      By: George E. Newman, Julian De Freitas and Joshua Knobe
      Past research has identified a number of asymmetries based on moral judgments. Beliefs about (a) what a person values, (b) whether a person is happy, (c) whether a person has shown weakness of will, and (d) whether a person deserves praise or blame seem to depend... View Details
      Keywords: Concepts; Social Cognition; Moral Reasoning; True Self; Values; Weakness Of Will; Blame; Values and Beliefs; Identity; Moral Sensibility; Happiness
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      Newman, George E., Julian De Freitas, and Joshua Knobe. "Beliefs About the True Self Explain Asymmetries Based on Moral Judgment." Cognitive Science 39, no. 1 (2015): 96–125.
      • August 2015 (Revised January 2017)
      • Technical Note

      From Correlation to Causation

      By: Feng Zhu and Karim R. Lakhani
      To make sound business decisions, managers must be comfortable with the concepts of correlation and causation. This background note provides an overview of correlation and causation using examples and explains why the former does not imply the latter. It also describes... View Details
      Keywords: Statistics; Regression; Data Analytics; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Judgments
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      Zhu, Feng, and Karim R. Lakhani. "From Correlation to Causation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 616-009, August 2015. (Revised January 2017.)
      • 2015
      • Article

      Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work

      By: C. Moore and F. Gino
      Many of the scandalous organizational practices that have come to light in the last decade—rigging LIBOR, misselling payment protection insurance, rampant Wall Street insider trading, large-scale bribery of foreign officials, and the packaging and sale of toxic... View Details
      Keywords: Working Conditions; Ethics; Decision Making
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      Moore, C., and F. Gino. "Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work." Academy of Management Annals 9 (2015): 235–289.
      • 2015
      • Conference Presentation

      Behaviorist Thinking in Judgments of Wrongness, Punishment, and Blame

      By: J. De Freitas and S. G. B. Johnson
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      De Freitas, J., and S. G. B. Johnson. "Behaviorist Thinking in Judgments of Wrongness, Punishment, and Blame." Paper presented at the 37th Cognitive Science Society Annual Conference, Pasadena, CA, United States, 2015.
      • Summer 2015
      • Article

      The Effect of Delaware Doctrine on Freezeout Structure and Outcomes: Evidence on the Unified Approach

      By: Fernan Restrepo and Guhan Subramanian
      Historically, Delaware corporate law provided different standards of judicial review for buyouts by controlling shareholders (also known as "freezeouts") based on what transactional form was used: deferential business judgment review for freezeouts executed as tender... View Details
      Keywords: Laws and Statutes; Business and Shareholder Relations; Delaware
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      Restrepo, Fernan, and Guhan Subramanian. "The Effect of Delaware Doctrine on Freezeout Structure and Outcomes: Evidence on the Unified Approach." Harvard Business Law Review 5, no. 2 (Summer 2015): 205–236.
      • Article

      Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?

      By: Robert Gibbons and Robert S. Kaplan
      Agency theorists, historically, have analyzed what kinds of performance measures should be used in formal incentive contracts. For example, after Kaplan-Norton proposed a balanced scorecard of both financial and non-financial measures, some envisioned its role only in... View Details
      Keywords: Relational Contracts; Performance Measurement; Informal Management; Balanced Scorecard; Economics; Mathematical Methods
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      Gibbons, Robert, and Robert S. Kaplan. "Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?" American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 105, no. 5 (May 2015).
      • April 2015
      • Article

      Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers

      By: Shawn Cole, Martin Kanz and Leora Klapper
      This paper uses a series of experiments with commercial bank loan officers to test the effect of performance incentives on risk assessment and lending decisions. We first show that while high-powered incentives lead to greater screening effort and more profitable... View Details
      Keywords: Banking; Management Processes; Credit Products; Experimental Economics; Risk Management; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry
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      Cole, Shawn, Martin Kanz, and Leora Klapper. "Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers." Journal of Finance 70, no. 2 (April 2015): 537–575.
      • Article

      Guilt Enhances the Sense of Control and Drives Risky Judgments

      By: Maryam Kouchaki, Christopher Oveis and F. Gino
      The present studies investigate the hypothesis that guilt influences risk-taking by enhancing one's sense of control. Across multiple inductions of guilt, we demonstrate that experimentally induced guilt enhances optimism about risks for the self (Study 1), preferences... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Behavior; Emotions
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      Kouchaki, Maryam, Christopher Oveis, and F. Gino. "Guilt Enhances the Sense of Control and Drives Risky Judgments." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 6 (December 2014): 2103–2110.
      • October 2014 (Revised July 2015)
      • Case

      Indus Towers: From Infancy to Maturity

      By: Ranjay Gulati, Maxim Sytch and Rachna Tahilyani
      Indus Towers, the world's largest telecom tower company, is a joint venture between three telecom rivals in India. These rivals—Bharti Airtel, Vodafone India, and Idea Cellular—combined their telecom towers to provide "shared telecom infrastructure" to wireless telecom... View Details
      Keywords: Decisions; Judgments; Customer Focus and Relationships; Management; Information Technology; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Information Infrastructure; Telecommunications Industry; India
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      Gulati, Ranjay, Maxim Sytch, and Rachna Tahilyani. "Indus Towers: From Infancy to Maturity." Harvard Business School Case 415-005, October 2014. (Revised July 2015.)
      • 2014
      • Book

      The Power of Noticing: What the Best Leaders See

      By: Max Bazerman
      This book will examine the common failure to notice critical information due to bounded awareness. The book will document a decade of research showing that even successful people fail to notice the absence of critical and readily available information in their... View Details
      Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Judgments; Negotiation; Negotiation Process; Relationships
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      Bazerman, Max. The Power of Noticing: What the Best Leaders See. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
      • Article

      The (Perceived) Meaning of Spontaneous Thoughts

      By: Carey K. Morewedge, Colleen Giblin and Michael I. Norton
      Spontaneous thoughts, the output of a broad category of uncontrolled and inaccessible higher-order mental processes, arise frequently in everyday life. The seeming randomness by which spontaneous thoughts arise might give people good reason to dismiss them as... View Details
      Keywords: Spontaneous Thoughts; Self-Insight; Meaning; Attribution; Judgment And Decision Making; Decision Making; Cognition and Thinking
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      Morewedge, Carey K., Colleen Giblin, and Michael I. Norton. "The (Perceived) Meaning of Spontaneous Thoughts." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 4 (August 2014): 1742–1754.
      • 2014
      • Conference Presentation

      The Good Ship Theseus: The Effect of Valence on Object Identity Judgments

      By: J. De Freitas, K. Tobia, J. E. Newman and J. Knobe
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      De Freitas, J., K. Tobia, J. E. Newman, and J. Knobe. "The Good Ship Theseus: The Effect of Valence on Object Identity Judgments." Paper presented at the 36th Cognitive Science Society Annual Conference, Quebec City, Canada, 2014.
      • April 2014
      • Teaching Note

      iMatari

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco and Matthew Preble
      Keywords: Ethical Behavior; Ethical Judgment; Entrepreneurship; Imitation; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Europe; Middle East
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., and Matthew Preble. "iMatari." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 314-140, April 2014.
      • March 2014 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Ukraine: On the Border of Europe and Eurasia

      By: Rawi Abdelal, Rafael M. Di Tella, Sogomon Tarontsi and Lavinia Teodorescu
      In the fall of 2013, the people of Ukraine disagreed passionately whether their country should intensify ties with the European Union or Russia. After President Yanukovych rejected the free trade agreement with the EU in November, thousands of Ukrainians peacefully... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Judgments; Geopolitical Units; Country; Globalization; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Globalized Economies and Regions; Globalized Markets and Industries; Government and Politics; International Relations; National Security; Growth and Development; History; Europe; Ukraine; European Union; Russia
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      Abdelal, Rawi, Rafael M. Di Tella, Sogomon Tarontsi, and Lavinia Teodorescu. "Ukraine: On the Border of Europe and Eurasia." Harvard Business School Case 714-042, March 2014. (Revised January 2025.)
      • January 2014 (Revised November 2015)
      • Background Note

      Rational Choice and Managerial Decision-Making

      By: Willy Shih
      This note discusses Herbert Simon's notion of bounded rationality: how managers may sometimes make suboptimal choices because of their limited ability to access or process information. View Details
      Keywords: Rational Choice; Bounded Rationality; Satisficing; Herbert Simon; Agenda-setting; Choice; Alternatives; Decision Making; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Judgments
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      Shih, Willy. "Rational Choice and Managerial Decision-Making." Harvard Business School Background Note 614-048, January 2014. (Revised November 2015.)
      • 2014
      • Conference Presentation

      Beliefs about the True Self Explain Asymmetries Based on Moral Judgment

      By: J. E. Newman, J. De Freitas and J. Knobe
      Citation
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      Newman, J. E., J. De Freitas, and J. Knobe. "Beliefs about the True Self Explain Asymmetries Based on Moral Judgment." Paper presented at the Society for Philosophy and Psychology Annual Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, 2014.
      • 26 Feb 2015 - 28 Feb 2015
      • Conference Presentation

      Is That All There Is to Happiness?

      By: J. Phillips, C. Mott, Julian De Freitas, J. Gruber and J. Knobe
      Happiness researchers have started to converge on a conception of happiness that involves some combination of high positive affect, low negative affect, and high life satisfaction. We present three studies which demonstrate that the ordinary understanding... View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Happiness; Personal Characteristics
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      Phillips, J., C. Mott, Julian De Freitas, J. Gruber, and J. Knobe. "Is That All There Is to Happiness?" Paper presented at the 16th Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, United States, February 26–28, 2015.
      • 2013
      • Other Teaching and Training Material

      Operations Management Reading: Forecasting

      By: Steven C. Wheelwright and Ann B. Winslow
      This reading provides an introduction to forecasting methods. It includes a brief summary of methods based on judgment and a longer section on quantitative analysis. It also provides sample data so students can develop an understanding of concepts such as correlation,... View Details
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      Wheelwright, Steven C., and Ann B. Winslow. "Operations Management Reading: Forecasting." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing 8042, 2013.
      • November 2013 (Revised January 2015)
      • Case

      Obamacare

      By: Matthew Weinzierl and Katrina Flanagan
      One vote in June, 2012, decided the fate of President Barack Obama's crowning first-term achievement: universal health insurance. Chief Justice John Roberts of the U.S. Supreme Court cast the deciding vote to uphold the keystone of the reform: the mandate to purchase... View Details
      Keywords: Universal Health Insurance; Adverse Selection; Leviathan; Courts and Trials; Judgments; Insurance; Health Care and Treatment; Government and Politics; Insurance Industry; Public Administration Industry; Health Industry; United States
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, and Katrina Flanagan. "Obamacare." Harvard Business School Case 714-029, November 2013. (Revised January 2015.)
      • November 2013 (Revised August 2023)
      • Case

      'These People are Fiduciaries...'

      By: Lena G. Goldberg and Amy W. Schulman
      The fiduciary duties of loyalty and care, the corporate opportunity doctrine and the business judgment rule are introduced in the context of three vignettes drawn from decided cases that explore: a classic test of loyalty when one partner elects to take advantage of an... View Details
      Keywords: Fiduciaries; Fiduciary Duties; Management Practices and Processes; Ethics; Business Processes
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      Goldberg, Lena G., and Amy W. Schulman. "'These People are Fiduciaries...'." Harvard Business School Case 314-067, November 2013. (Revised August 2023.)
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