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      Operational DisruptionsRemove Operational Disruptions →

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      • March 2019 (Revised May 2019)
      • Case

      Fetchr: A New Way of Last Mile Delivery

      By: V.G. Narayanan and Eren Kuzucu
      By mid-2016, five years of aggressive growth had transformed Fetchr from a small logistics startup to a 1,000-employee, full-fledged last-mile delivery company operating across four countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Already beneficiaries of the... View Details
      Keywords: Startup; Decision; Financial Strategy; UAE; KSA; MENA; Cost Accounting; Business Model; Business Startups; Transformation; Cost Management; Strategy; Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Logistics; Service Delivery; Supply Chain Management; Performance Evaluation; Mathematical Methods; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Transportation Networks; Middle East; United Arab Emirates; Dubai; Bahrain; Egypt; Saudi Arabia; North Africa
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      Narayanan, V.G., and Eren Kuzucu. "Fetchr: A New Way of Last Mile Delivery." Harvard Business School Case 119-018, March 2019. (Revised May 2019.)
      • March 2019 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      When the mother-daughter founders of DivaCup set out with a mission to disrupt the menstrual care industry with an innovative product form, they initially struggled to gain legitimacy and convince retailers to carry their unique product. Fifteen years later, the... View Details
      Keywords: Female; Female Ceo; Female Entrepreneur; Female Protagonist; Health & Wellness; Healthcare; Price Policies; Minimum Advertised Price; Differentiation; Positioning; Growth; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Price; Disruption; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Competitive Strategy; Competition; Growth Management; Mission and Purpose; Product Development; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Advertising; Business Startups; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Social Issues; Social Enterprise; Retail Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Health Industry; Green Technology Industry; Education Industry; Distribution Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Canada; United States; United Kingdom
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth." Harvard Business School Case 519-055, March 2019. (Revised April 2021.)
      • January 2019 (Revised October 2019)
      • Case

      Liulishuo: AI English Teacher

      By: John J-H Kim and Shu Lin
      Educators and entrepreneurs alike are excited about the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to change the way learning will look like in the future. There is a confluence of factors such as the availability of large sources of rich,... View Details
      Keywords: AI; Artificial Intelligence; Education Technology; Information Technology; Education; Entrepreneurship; AI and Machine Learning; Education Industry; China
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      Kim, John J-H, and Shu Lin. "Liulishuo: AI English Teacher." Harvard Business School Case 319-090, January 2019. (Revised October 2019.)
      • January 2019 (Revised February 2020)
      • Case

      Jay Gould, 'The Most Hated Man in America'

      By: Tom Nicholas, John Masko and Matthew G. Preble
      Railroad magnate Jay Gould, a controversial figure in the history of U.S. capitalism, was a disruptive influence on an industry that had previously relied on formal and informal agreements to move traffic long distances across lines operated by different companies.... View Details
      Keywords: Railroads; Gould; Vanderbilt; Rail Transportation; History; Consolidation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competition; Strategy; Rail Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, John Masko, and Matthew G. Preble. "Jay Gould, 'The Most Hated Man in America'." Harvard Business School Case 819-006, January 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
      • May 2018
      • Teaching Note

      AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century

      By: Daniel P. Gross and William R. Kerr
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 718-486. View Details
      Keywords: AT&T; Bell Telephone; Phone Lines; Phone Operators; Mechanical Switching; Layoffs; Technological Change; Transition; History; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Disruption; Change Management; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry; United States
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      Gross, Daniel P., and William R. Kerr. "AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 718-518, May 2018.
      • April 2018
      • Case

      Ferrari

      By: Stefan Thomke, Elena Corsi and Ashok Nimgade
      Ferrari is among the world’s most powerful brands, but how the company operates has remained mysterious. The case reveals the inner workings of the company—the Ferrari Way—from the way it designs, produces, and markets its cars, to how its leadership team is driving... View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Innovation; Technology Adoption; Product Design; Business Strategy; Technological Innovation; Operations; Management; Growth and Development; Auto Industry
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      Thomke, Stefan, Elena Corsi, and Ashok Nimgade. "Ferrari." Harvard Business School Case 618-047, April 2018.
      • February 2018 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      New Constructs: Disrupting Fundamental Analysis with Robo-Analysts

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Kyle Thomas
      This case highlights the business challenges associated with a financial technology firm, New Constructs, that created a technology that can quickly parse complicated public firm financials to paint a clearer economic picture of firms, remove accounting distortions,... View Details
      Keywords: Fundamental Analysis; Machine Learning; Robo-analysts; Financial Statements; Financial Reporting; Analysis; Information Technology; Accounting Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; North America; Tennessee
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Kyle Thomas. "New Constructs: Disrupting Fundamental Analysis with Robo-Analysts." Harvard Business School Case 118-068, February 2018. (Revised June 2021.)
      • January 2018 (Revised May 2018)
      • Case

      AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century

      By: Daniel P. Gross and William R. Kerr
      By the 1930s, AT&T dominated the American phone industry, serving 10 million telephones and employing over 100,000 switchboard operators. But beginning in the mid-1910s, the company began changing from manually operated switchboards to mechanical switching systems that... View Details
      Keywords: AT&T; Bell Telephone; Phone Lines; Phone Operators; Mechanical Switching; Layoffs; Technological Change; Transition; History; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Disruption; Change Management; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry; United States
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      Gross, Daniel P., and William R. Kerr. "AT&T: Managing Technological Change and the Future of Telephone Operators in the 20th Century." Harvard Business School Case 718-486, January 2018. (Revised May 2018.)
      • September 2017 (Revised February 2023)
      • Case

      Intermountain Healthcare: Pursuing Precision Medicine

      By: Richard G. Hamermesh, Kathy E. Giusti, Robert S. Huckman and Julia Kelley
      Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Intermountain Healthcare operates 23 hospitals and hundreds of clinics in Utah and Idaho and provides insurance to approximately 850,000 patients through its insurance arm, SelectHealth. In 2013, Intermountain, known for its commitment... View Details
      Keywords: Precision Medicine; Healthcare; Innovation; Cancer; Cancer Research; Health Care; Technology; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation Leadership; Disruptive Innovation; Entrepreneurship; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Industry; Insurance Industry; Utah; United States; North America
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      Hamermesh, Richard G., Kathy E. Giusti, Robert S. Huckman, and Julia Kelley. "Intermountain Healthcare: Pursuing Precision Medicine." Harvard Business School Case 818-018, September 2017. (Revised February 2023.)
      • September 2017 (Revised March 2018)
      • Case

      Chai Point: Disrupting Chai

      By: Shikhar Ghosh, Ramana Nanda and Rachna Tahilyani
      Chai Point is India’s largest organized chai retailer. It has missed its target for retail store openings by approximately 25%, goals that are very important to its investors who are also board members. However, it has developed an exciting new internet-based tea... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Venture Capital; Stock; Business Model; Mobile Technology; Technological Innovation; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Internet and the Web; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Food; Selection and Staffing; Employee Stock Ownership Plan; Resignation and Termination; Compensation and Benefits; Resource Allocation; Product Positioning; Distribution Channels; Product Design; Supply Chain; Governing and Advisory Boards; Food and Beverage Industry; Retail Industry; Asia; India; Karnataka; Bangalore
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, Ramana Nanda, and Rachna Tahilyani. "Chai Point: Disrupting Chai." Harvard Business School Case 818-020, September 2017. (Revised March 2018.)
      • August 2, 2017
      • Article

      The Real Reason Uber Is Giving Up in China

      By: William C. Kirby
      The article examines the role of the Chinese government in transport firm Uber's decision to sell its China operation to a rival Chinese ride-sharing company. View Details
      Keywords: Uber; China; Disruptive Innovation; Emerging Markets; Transportation Industry; China; Asia
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      Kirby, William C. "The Real Reason Uber Is Giving Up in China." Harvard Business Review (website) (August 2, 2017).
      • March 2017 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Edwin Land: The Art and Science of Innovation

      By: Tom Nicholas, Christopher T. Stanton and Matthew G. Preble
      Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Polaroid first invented—and then continuously reinvented—the field of instant photography. Under the leadership of its mercurial founder Edwin Land, the company regularly released new instant cameras and films, often... View Details
      Keywords: Instant Photography; Company History; Change Management; Disruption; Forecasting and Prediction; Entrepreneurship; Business History; Innovation Strategy; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Management; Intellectual Property; Patents; Product Marketing; Brands and Branding; Product Launch; Product Development; Chemical Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, Christopher T. Stanton, and Matthew G. Preble. "Edwin Land: The Art and Science of Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 817-107, March 2017. (Revised February 2025.)
      • January 2017
      • Supplement

      Hello Alfred: Come Home Happy — Operating the Business Model Exercise

      By: Joseph B. Fuller and Christopher Payton
      On a mission to "automate the on-demand economy," Harvard Business School classmates Marcela Sapone and Jessica Beck launched Hello Alfred in 2013 to provide subscribers with an "Alfred" to complete various chores for a monthly fee. In early 2016, the company has built... View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Internet and the Web; Business Startups; Service Operations; Service Industry; New York (city, NY); Boston
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      Fuller, Joseph B., and Christopher Payton. "Hello Alfred: Come Home Happy — Operating the Business Model Exercise." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 317-705, January 2017.
      • November 2016
      • Supplement

      Irregular Operations

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Willy C. Shih and Michael W. Toffel
      This video shows a dispatcher responding to an irregular operations situation caused by weather at an East Coast airport. View Details
      Keywords: Service; Service Excellence; Service Quality; Operating Systems; Operational Complexity; Operational Disruptions; Operational Efficiency; Operational Focus; Air Transportation; Service Operations; Service Delivery; Air Transportation Industry
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      Buell, Ryan W., Willy C. Shih, and Michael W. Toffel. "Irregular Operations." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 617-705, November 2016.
      • November 2016
      • Supplement

      United Airlines Operations

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Willy C. Shih and Michael W. Toffel
      This video is a collection of clips that highlight aspects of United Airlines' operations View Details
      Keywords: Service; Service Delivery; Service Management; Service Operations; Service Quality; Operating Systems; Operational Complexity; Operational Disruptions; Operational Effectiveness; Operational Efficiency; Air Transportation; Operations; Air Transportation Industry
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      Buell, Ryan W., Willy C. Shih, and Michael W. Toffel. "United Airlines Operations." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 617-704, November 2016.
      • September 2016 (Revised July 2018)
      • Case

      United Airlines: More Out-and-Back Flying?

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Willy Shih and Mike Toffel
      This case looks at United Airlines when it is facing a decision on whether to shift its aircraft routing to more "out-and-back" routing in order to try to improve its on-time performance. As one of the world's largest airlines, United had a very large fleet and... View Details
      Keywords: Service Excellence; Service Management; Service Quality; Service Quality Competition; Services; Airline Industry; Airlines; Operational Complexity; Operational Disruptions; Operational Effectiveness; Operations Improvement; Operations Management; Operations Strategy; Air Transportation; Operations; Service Operations; Service Delivery; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Improvement; Complexity; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Buell, Ryan W., Willy Shih, and Mike Toffel. "United Airlines: More Out-and-Back Flying?" Harvard Business School Case 617-010, September 2016. (Revised July 2018.)
      • September 2016 (Revised August 2018)
      • Supplement

      United Airlines: More Out-and-Back Flying?: Case Supplement #1

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Willy C. Shih and Michael W. Toffel
      This spreadsheet supplement accompanies 617-010 United Airlines: More Out-and-Back Flying? and is intended to provide students with an opportunity to apply analysis concepts with real operational data. View Details
      Keywords: Service; Service Excellence; Service Management; Operating Systems; Operational Complexity; Operational Disruptions; Operational Efficiency; Operational Focus; Air Transportation; Operations; Service Operations; Service Delivery; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Buell, Ryan W., Willy C. Shih, and Michael W. Toffel. "United Airlines: More Out-and-Back Flying? Case Supplement #1." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 617-701, September 2016. (Revised August 2018.)
      • July 2016 (Revised October 2018)
      • Case

      Tolaram: Innovating in Africa

      By: Derek van Bever and Efosa Ojomo
      Tolaram is a Singaporean company that began operations selling textiles in Nigeria in the 1970s. Executives and brothers, Haresh and Sajesh Aswani, however, saw an opportunity to create an instant noodle market in the country. In 1988, they began importing Indomie... View Details
      Keywords: Fast Moving Consumer Goods; Business Model; Disruptive Innovation; Vertical Integration; Emerging Markets; Consumer Products Industry; Nigeria; Africa
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      van Bever, Derek, and Efosa Ojomo. "Tolaram: Innovating in Africa." Harvard Business School Case 317-013, July 2016. (Revised October 2018.)
      • Summer 2016
      • Article

      The Real Lessons From Kodak's Decline

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Eastman Kodak is often mischaracterized as a company whose managers didn't recognize soon enough that digital technology would decimate its traditional business. However, what really happened at Kodak is much more complicated—and instructive. Kodak suffered from a... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Change; Disruption; Ecosystem; Semiconductors; Photography; Scaling-up; Scaling; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Product; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Shih, Willy C. "The Real Lessons From Kodak's Decline." MIT Sloan Management Review 57, no. 4 (Summer 2016): 11–13.
      • March 2016 (Revised February 2017)
      • Case

      Hello Alfred: Come Home Happy

      By: Joseph B. Fuller and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      On a mission to "automate the on-demand economy," Harvard Business School classmates Marcela Sapone and Jessica Beck launched Hello Alfred in 2013 to provide subscribers with an "Alfred" to complete various chores for a monthly fee. In early 2016, the company has built... View Details
      Keywords: On-demand Economy; Sharing Economy; Technology Startup; Technology; Growth Strategy; Business Startups; Business Growth and Maturation; Entrepreneurship; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Strategic Planning; Service Industry; United States; Boston; Cambridge; New York (city, NY); California
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      Fuller, Joseph B., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Hello Alfred: Come Home Happy." Harvard Business School Case 316-154, March 2016. (Revised February 2017.)
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