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- All HBS Web (1,485)
- Faculty Publications (866)
- 2013
- Working Paper
Historical Origins of Environmental Sustainability in the German Chemical Industry, 1950s-1980s
By: Geoffrey Jones and Christina Lubinski
This working paper examines the growth of corporate environmentalism in the West German chemical industry between the 1950s and the 1980s. German business has been regarded as pioneering corporate environmentalism after World War II. In contrast, this study reveals... View Details
Keywords: Sustainability; Green Business; Pollution; Environmental Sustainability; Business History; Chemical Industry; Germany; United States
Jones, Geoffrey, and Christina Lubinski. "Historical Origins of Environmental Sustainability in the German Chemical Industry, 1950s-1980s." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-018, August 2013.
- 2004
- Chapter
Institutional Pressure and Environmental Management Practices
By: Magali Delmas and Michael W. Toffel
Keywords: Management Practices and Processes; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability
Delmas, Magali, and Michael W. Toffel. "Institutional Pressure and Environmental Management Practices." Chap. 10 in Stakeholders, the Environment and Society, edited by Sanjay Sharma and Mark Starik, 230–245. New Perspectives in Research on Corporate Sustainability. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.
- January 2006 (Revised February 2006)
- Case
E.ON Corporate Strategy
By: Forest L. Reinhardt and Sebastian Frankenberger
Examines the corporate strategy of German energy giant E.ON. The firm is vertically integrated, horizontally diversified across electricity and natural gas, and active in numerous countries in Europe as well as in the United States. Explores the costs and benefits of... View Details
Keywords: Diversification; Vertical Integration; Corporate Strategy; Globalization; Energy Sources; Economics; Energy Industry; Germany; United States; Europe
Reinhardt, Forest L., and Sebastian Frankenberger. "E.ON Corporate Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 706-015, January 2006. (Revised February 2006.)
- 29 Oct 2019
- Blog Post
Merging the Worlds of Finance, Investing, and Environmental Impact
investment firm, Novus Energy Partners, and for close to two decades now, I’ve been investing in companies that deliver both financial and environmental returns. What was your plan coming into HBS? I had done quite a lot of View Details
- Forthcoming
- Article
Sending a Message: An Empirical Assessment of Responses to Punitive and Non-punitive Compliance Messaging Strategies
By: Jodi L. Short, Michael W. Toffel, Elizabeth A. Keenan and Melissa Ouellet
Regulators operate in an increasingly hostile political environment. The U.S. Supreme Court is ramping up efforts to curtail the authority of administrative agencies. The second election of Donald Trump to the presidency has unleashed a torrent of anti-regulatory... View Details
Keywords: Field Experiment; Compliance; Compliance Programs; Compliance Policies; Regulatory Enforcement; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Policy; Government Experimentation; Governance Compliance; Government Administration; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Business and Government Relations; Construction Industry; Public Administration Industry; California; United States
Short, Jodi L., Michael W. Toffel, Elizabeth A. Keenan, and Melissa Ouellet. "Sending a Message: An Empirical Assessment of Responses to Punitive and Non-punitive Compliance Messaging Strategies." Ecology Law Quarterly (forthcoming).
- 2011
- Article
Regulatory Uncertainty and Corporate Responses to Environmental Protection in China
By: Christopher Marquis, Jianjun Zhang and Yanhua Zhou
We develop a framework to analyze the closing gap between regulation and enforcement of environmental protection in China and present a number of resulting implications for doing business there. We identify three major dimensions that characterize change in regulatory... View Details
Keywords: Framework; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Law Enforcement; Growth and Development Strategy; Emerging Markets; Business Ventures; Alignment; Risk and Uncertainty; Natural Environment; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Competitive Strategy; China
Marquis, Christopher, Jianjun Zhang, and Yanhua Zhou. "Regulatory Uncertainty and Corporate Responses to Environmental Protection in China." California Management Review 54, no. 1 (Fall 2011): 39–63.
- 30 Jan 2017
- Working Paper Summaries
The Environmental Legacies of The North Face's Doug Tompkins and Patagonia's Yvon Chouinard
- 2017
- Article
Natural Environmental Responsibility in Indian Corporations: A Mixed Method Study
By: Shashank Shah
The world is going through unprecedented environmental crisis. The type of destruction and dissolution of natural resources and elements by individuals and institutions that has been witnessed in the last century is much more than that witnessed in the previous... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Natural Environment; Management Practices and Processes; Research; Framework; India
Shah, Shashank. "Natural Environmental Responsibility in Indian Corporations: A Mixed Method Study." Journal of Human Values 20, no. 2 (October 2014): 129–151.
- 2016
- Book
Strategy Beyond Markets
By: John de Figueiredo, Michael Lenox, Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Rick Vanden Bergh
Strategy beyond markets has been an active area of research inquiry since the early 1990s. Since its inception, the scholarship emanating from this research stream has grown substantially in quantity, quality, and breadth. Likewise, firms across the world have... View Details
Keywords: Strategy
Figueiredo, John de, Michael Lenox, Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Rick Vanden Bergh, eds. Strategy Beyond Markets. Vol. 34, Advances in Strategic Management. Emerald Group Publishing, 2016.
- October 2008
- Article
Organizational Responses to Environmental Demands: Opening the Black Box
By: Magali Delmas and Michael W. Toffel
This paper combines new and old institutionalism to explain differences in organizational strategies. We propose that differences in the influence of corporate departments lead their facilities to prioritize different external pressures and thus adopt different... View Details
Delmas, Magali, and Michael W. Toffel. "Organizational Responses to Environmental Demands: Opening the Black Box." Strategic Management Journal 29, no. 10 (October 2008): 1027–1055.
- 1997
- Chapter
The Dysfunctional Aspects of Environmental Standards
By: A. E. Tenbrunsel, K. A. Wade-Benzoni, D. M. Messick and M. H. Bazerman
Tenbrunsel, A. E., K. A. Wade-Benzoni, D. M. Messick, and M. H. Bazerman. "The Dysfunctional Aspects of Environmental Standards." In Environment, Ethics, and Behavior: The Psychology of Environmental Valuation and Degradation, edited by M. H. Bazerman, D. M. Messick, A. E. Tenbrunsel, and K. A. Wade-Benzoni. San Francisco: New Lexington Press, 1997.
- 29 Jan 2019
- Research & Ideas
'Green Bonds' May Be Our Best Bet for Environmental Damage Control
Municipalities have been selling bonds to pay for public works projects—fire stations, parking garages,sewage treatment systems—for 200 years. It’s only in the past decade or so, however, that they’ve been selling them with an extra perk: helping the environment. In... View Details
- March–April 2016
- Article
Scrutiny, Norms, and Selective Disclosure: A Global Study of Greenwashing
By: Christopher Marquis, Michael W. Toffel and Yanhua Zhou
Under increased pressure to report environmental impacts, some firms selectively disclose relatively benign impacts, creating an impression of transparency while masking their true performance. We identify key company- and country-level factors that limit firms' use of... View Details
Keywords: Disclosure Strategy; Disclosure; Environmental Performance; Environmental Strategy; Environment; Symbolic; Reporting; Corporate Disclosure; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
Marquis, Christopher, Michael W. Toffel, and Yanhua Zhou. "Scrutiny, Norms, and Selective Disclosure: A Global Study of Greenwashing." Organization Science 27, no. 2 (March–April 2016): 483–504. (Formerly titled "When Do Firms Greenwash? Corporate Visibility, Civil Society Scrutiny, and Environmental Disclosure.")
- July 2007
- Article
Cooperation between Corporations and Environmental Groups: A Transaction Cost Perspective
Theory suggests that when transaction costs are low, corporations and stakeholders can minimize social costs by transacting to their mutual advantage, but when transaction costs are high, reducing social costs requires the intervention of a centralized institution.... View Details
Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Cost; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Environmental Sustainability; Competitive Advantage; Cooperation
King, Andrew A. "Cooperation between Corporations and Environmental Groups: A Transaction Cost Perspective." Academy of Management Review 32, no. 3 (July 2007): 889–900.
- 2012
- Chapter
Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States
By: David Vogel, Michael W. Toffel, Diahanna Post and Nazli Z. Uludere Aragon
The United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are federal systems in which the responsibility for environmental policy-making is divided or shared between the central government and the (member) states. The attribution of decision-making power has important policy... View Details
Keywords: Natural Environment; Policy; Government and Politics; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; European Union; United States
Vogel, David, Michael W. Toffel, Diahanna Post, and Nazli Z. Uludere Aragon. "Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States." Chap. 11 in A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy. 2nd ed. Edited by Frank Wijen, Kees Zoeteman, Jan Pieters, and Paul van Seters, 321–361. Cheltenham, UK, 2012.
- August 2023 (Revised July 2024)
- Technical Note
Power-to-X
By: Willy Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions that were contributing to climate change, the world needs to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Power-to-X (PtX) refers to an array of processes that convert electricity (power) to various gaseous and liquid... View Details
Keywords: Environmental Strategies; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Transition; Renewable Energy; Energy Industry
Shih, Willy, Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Power-to-X." Harvard Business School Technical Note 624-038, August 2023. (Revised July 2024.)
- 20 Jan 2022
- Blog Post
Lessons Learned from My HBS Career Journey in Environmental Sustainability
Lessons Learned from My HBS Career Journey in Environmental Sustainability I began my HBS admissions application essay with the following sentence: “I aspire to help build organizations that are advancing sustainability and addressing the... View Details
- April 1992 (Revised July 1993)
- Case
Conoco's: "Green" Oil Strategy (A)
Conoco faces challenges in formulating a proactive environmental strategy for its proposed oil development in Ecuador's pristine tropical rain forest region. The case outlines the innovative process in which Conoco collaborated with a wide range of often conflicting... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Ethics; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Outcome or Result; Problems and Challenges; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Conflict Management; Ecuador
Salter, Malcolm S., and Joseph L. Badaracco Jr. Conoco's: "Green" Oil Strategy (A). Harvard Business School Case 392-133, April 1992. (Revised July 1993.)
- 2002
- Chapter
Ranking National Environmental Regulation and Performance: A Leading Indicator of Future Competitiveness?
By: Daniel Esty and Michael E. Porter
This chapter from The Global Competitiveness Report analyzes the differences among countries in environmental performance and the link between environmental outcomes and national environmental policy choices. The chapter reveals the findings from an exploration... View Details
Esty, Daniel, and Michael E. Porter. "Ranking National Environmental Regulation and Performance: A Leading Indicator of Future Competitiveness?" In The Global Competitiveness Report 2001–2002, by Michael E. Porter, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Peter K. Cornelius, John W. McArthur, and Klaus Schwab, 78–101. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- 2005
- Chapter
Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States
By: David Vogel, Michael W. Toffel and Diahanna Post
The United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are federal systems in which the responsibility for environmental policy-making is divided or shared between the central government and the (member) states. The attribution of decision-making power has important policy... View Details
Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Government Legislation; Natural Environment; Pollutants; Climate Change; European Union; United States
Vogel, David, Michael W. Toffel, and Diahanna Post. "Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States." Chap. 9 in A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy: National Government Interventions in a Global Arena, edited by F. Wijen, K. Zoeteman, and J. Pieters, 247–276. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005.