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      • March 2025
      • Case

      GiveDirectly: Can Direct Cash Transfers End Extreme Poverty?

      By: Natalia Rigol, Benjamin N. Roth, Sarah Mehta and John Schultz
      Founded in 2008, GiveDirectly was a nonprofit organization that used direct cash transfers—giving people cash via mobile money—to combat poverty worldwide. By August 2024, the organization had transferred over $800 million to poor people in targeted communities and... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Ethics; Growth and Development; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Research; Nonprofit Organizations; Poverty; Africa; Asia; Latin America; North and Central America; United States
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      Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Sarah Mehta, and John Schultz. "GiveDirectly: Can Direct Cash Transfers End Extreme Poverty?" Harvard Business School Case 825-008, March 2025.
      • February 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Institutional Neutrality, Restraint or Convenience?

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Nicole Zelazko and Alexis Lefort
      In the fall of 2023 and winter of 2024, college campuses across the U.S. experienced protests and encampments in the aftermath of the October 7, 2023 terrorist attack on Israel by the Islamist militant group Hamas, and Israel’s subsequent invasion of Gaza. These... View Details
      Keywords: Distribution; Cost vs Benefits; Ethics; Governance; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Adaptation; Disruption; Communication Strategy; Higher Education; United States
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      Rose, Clayton S., Nicole Zelazko, and Alexis Lefort. "Institutional Neutrality, Restraint or Convenience?" Harvard Business School Case 325-022, February 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January–March 2025
      • Article

      Transitioning from Responsible and Reactive to Deeply Responsible and Proactive International Business

      By: Geoffrey G. Jones, Teresa da Silva Lopes, Pavida Pananond, Rob van Tulder, Noemi Sinkovics and Rudolf R. Sinkovics
      This article aims to explore the role of multinational enterprises in addressing grand societal challenges, emphasizing the need for integrating environmental and social aspects into business models. It offers an analysis of how principles and values can guide engaged... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business Model; Multinational Firms and Management
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      Jones, Geoffrey G., Teresa da Silva Lopes, Pavida Pananond, Rob van Tulder, Noemi Sinkovics, and Rudolf R. Sinkovics. "Transitioning from Responsible and Reactive to Deeply Responsible and Proactive International Business." Critical Perspectives on International Business 21, no. 2 (January–March 2025): 196–225.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle

      By: Raymond Kluender and Emanuele Colonnelli
      In November 2024, Jim Chu, founder and CEO of Untapped Global, faced mounting internal tensions over the company’s strategic direction. Untapped had developed a data-driven revenue-based financing (RBF) model to address the “missing middle” problem—the $5.2 trillion... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Working Capital; Private Equity; Financial Strategy; Microfinance; International Finance; Currency Exchange Rate; Profit Sharing; Revenue; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Mission and Purpose; Small Business; Entrepreneurial Finance; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Nigeria; South Africa; Kenya; Uganda; California; San Francisco
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      Kluender, Raymond, and Emanuele Colonnelli. "Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle." Harvard Business School Case 825-056, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Negotiating a Legacy at Sustainable Harvest (A)

      By: Jillian Jordan, Julian Zlatev, Alicia Dadlani and Martha Hostetter
      The specialty coffee importer Sustainable Harvest was the first certified B Corp in the coffee industry due to its investments in building coffee farmers’ capacity and livelihood. But in 2022, after coffee prices plummeted and the company’s bank declined to extend its... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation; Mergers and Acquisitions; Trust; Ethics; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Volatility; Futures and Commodity Futures; Social Enterprise; Valuation; Business Model; Credit; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Europe
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      Jordan, Jillian, Julian Zlatev, Alicia Dadlani, and Martha Hostetter. "Negotiating a Legacy at Sustainable Harvest (A)." Harvard Business School Case 925-010, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      Negotiating a Legacy at Sustainable Harvest (B)

      By: Jillian Jordan, Julian Zlatev, Alicia Dadlani and Martha Hostetter
      The specialty coffee importer Sustainable Harvest was the first certified B Corp in the coffee industry due to its investments in building coffee farmers’ capacity and livelihood. But in 2022, after coffee prices plummeted and the company’s bank declined to extend its... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation; Mergers and Acquisitions; Trust; Ethics; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Volatility; Futures and Commodity Futures; Social Enterprise; Valuation; Business Model; Credit; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Europe
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      Jordan, Jillian, Julian Zlatev, Alicia Dadlani, and Martha Hostetter. "Negotiating a Legacy at Sustainable Harvest (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 925-011, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      PayJoy: Financing for the Next Billion

      By: Boris Groysberg and Sarah L. Abbott
      PayJoy, an impact-driven financial technology company founded in 2015, provides smartphone financing and other financial products to customers who lack access to traditional credit products. As of early 2025, PayJoy had issued $2.5 billion in loans to 13 million... View Details
      Keywords: Social Impact; Fintech; Underbanked; Algorithm; Data Analysis; Technology; Business Startups; Business Model; Growth and Development; Information Technology; Social Enterprise; Developing Countries and Economies; Credit; Mission and Purpose; Entrepreneurship; Financing and Loans; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; South America; South Africa; Asia; Latin America; Africa; Southeast Asia
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Sarah L. Abbott. "PayJoy: Financing for the Next Billion." Harvard Business School Case 425-036, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      A Tiger in the Tank: Exxon Sues Investors

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Sarah Sasso and James Weber
      In June 2024, investors were trying to make sense of ExxonMobil’s (Exxon) lawsuit against two impact investors, Arjuna Capital (Arjuna) and Follow This, that had just been dismissed by the U.S. District Court of Northern Texas. Exxon’s suit challenged the rights of two... View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Satisfaction; Decision Making; Demographics; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Employees; Recruitment; Retention; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Adaptation; Investment Activism; Lawsuits and Litigation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Health Industry; Energy Industry; United States; Netherlands; Norway
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      Rose, Clayton S., Sarah Sasso, and James Weber. "A Tiger in the Tank: Exxon Sues Investors." Harvard Business School Case 325-015, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Transforming Talent at Teach For Taiwan

      By: Juan Alcácer and Chi Kuan
      The Teach For Taiwan (TFT) case follows founder Anting Liu as she considers how to scale the nonprofit’s talent strategy after a decade of impact in rural education. TFT recruits high-potential young professionals into a 2-year teaching fellowship, aiming to address... View Details
      Keywords: Teaching; Talent and Talent Management; Leadership Development; Growth and Development Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Nonprofit Organizations; Education Industry; Taiwan
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Chi Kuan. "Transforming Talent at Teach For Taiwan." Harvard Business School Case 725-387, January 2025.
      • November 2024
      • Background Note

      Social Enterprise in the MENA Region

      By: Brian Trelstad and Ahmed Dahawy
      This research note provides an overview of the socio-economic landscape of social enterprise in the Middle East and North Africa. It highlights the diversity of players in the region including social enterprise organizations (in their many forms) and supporting... View Details
      Keywords: MENA; Non-Governmental Organizations; Nonprofit Organizations; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Diasporas; Social Entrepreneurship; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Geographic Scope; Health Care and Treatment; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Business and Community Relations; Business and Government Relations; Social and Collaborative Networks; Demographics; Health Industry; Service Industry; Tourism Industry; Egypt; Morocco; North Africa; Tunisia; Jordan; Lebanon; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Dubai; Middle East
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Ahmed Dahawy. "Social Enterprise in the MENA Region." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-041, November 2024.
      • November 2024
      • Background Note

      Nonprofit Governance: Some Basics

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      This background note discusses basics about the prevalence, purpose, and unique legal, governance and regulatory dynamics of nonprofits and their boards of directors. The note describes both similarities and differences between for-profit and non-profit governance,... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Leadership; Mission and Purpose; Nonprofit Organizations; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "Nonprofit Governance: Some Basics." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-067, November 2024.
      • November 2024
      • Supplement

      Clara Wu Tsai and Brooklyn Loan Innovation (B)

      By: Archie Jones, Mathieu Davis, Mourya Mamidala and Max Hancock
      This (B) case provides an update on “Clara Wu Tsai and Brooklyn Loan Innovation (A)” View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Social Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Banks and Banking; United States; New York (city, NY)
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      Jones, Archie, Mathieu Davis, Mourya Mamidala, and Max Hancock. "Clara Wu Tsai and Brooklyn Loan Innovation (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 825-098, November 2024.
      • October 2024
      • Module Note

      Purpose of the Firm

      By: Debora L. Spar and Julia M. Comeau
      Purpose of the Firm (PoF) is a short module designed to explore how, and under what circumstances, business leaders can harness the power of capitalism and markets to “make a difference in the world”—that is, to address a significant societal problem as a commercial... View Details
      Keywords: Social Accounting; Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Enterprise; Mission and Purpose; Leadership
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia M. Comeau. "Purpose of the Firm." Harvard Business School Module Note 325-035, October 2024.
      • October 2024
      • Case

      Estímulo: Blended Finance in Brazil

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, James Barnett, Maxim Pike Harrell and Marina Osborn
      In December 2022, Estímulo—a Brazilian impact investment fund supporting small businesses—found itself at a crossroads. The fund was established in 2020 to provide emergency relief through accessible credit and financial education. When low default rates from borrowers... View Details
      Keywords: Credit; Financial Management; Financing and Loans; Investment; Social Enterprise; Business Model; Financial Services Industry; Brazil; South America; Latin America
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., James Barnett, Maxim Pike Harrell, and Marina Osborn. "Estímulo: Blended Finance in Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 325-016, October 2024.
      • October 2024
      • Article

      Racial Disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program

      By: Sergey Chernenko and David Scharfstein
      Using a large sample of Florida restaurants, we document significant racial disparities in borrowing through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and investigate the causes of these disparities. Black-owned restaurants are 25% less likely to receive PPP loans.... View Details
      Keywords: Discrimination; Paycheck Protection Program; Economic Injury Disaster Loans; Bank Lending; Nonbank Lending; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Prejudice and Bias; Race
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      Chernenko, Sergey, and David Scharfstein. "Racial Disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program." Art. 103911. Journal of Financial Economics 160 (October 2024).
      • September 2024
      • Case

      Open Door Legal: Universal Legal Access

      By: Brian Trelstad, Taylor Greenthal and Sarah Mehta
      This case is about Open Door Legal (ODL), a San Francisco-based civil legal aid nonprofit. CEO Adrian Tirtanadi founded the organization in 2012 with a mission to achieve universal access to legal representation for all city residents. By 2024, ODL had opened four... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Law; Growth Management; Nonprofit Organizations; Civil Society or Community; Business Model; Expansion; Legal Services Industry; United States; California; Los Angeles; San Francisco
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      Trelstad, Brian, Taylor Greenthal, and Sarah Mehta. "Open Door Legal: Universal Legal Access." Harvard Business School Case 325-006, September 2024.
      • September 2024 (Revised December 2024)
      • Case

      Ming Min Hui at Boston Ballet

      By: Edward H. Chang, David Allen and Annelena Lobb
      This case asks how Ming Min Hui, the newly appointed executive director of Boston Ballet, should ensure that the company stays true to its art form yet relevant to its times. Hui stood out among ballet leaders as a young, Asian American woman with a Harvard Business... View Details
      Keywords: Arts; Change; Diversity; Gender; Race; Theater Entertainment; Leadership; Management; Nonprofit Organizations; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Music Industry; United States; Massachusetts; Boston
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      Chang, Edward H., David Allen, and Annelena Lobb. "Ming Min Hui at Boston Ballet." Harvard Business School Case 925-003, September 2024. (Revised December 2024.)
      • September 2024
      • Module Note

      Governance for Non-Profit Social Enterprises

      By: Brian Trelstad, Gerald Chertavian and Alexis Lefort
      An overview of the various roles a non-profit board of directors plays, including the board’s principal responsibilities and how those evolve as organizations grow and scale. Looks closely at the overall role in setting the mission of the organization; supervising and... View Details
      Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards; Nonprofit Organizations; Growth Management; Mission and Purpose; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Gerald Chertavian, and Alexis Lefort. "Governance for Non-Profit Social Enterprises." Harvard Business School Module Note 325-002, September 2024.
      • August 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Novo Nordisk Foundation

      By: Debora L. Spar and Julia M. Comeau
      In 2024, Novo Nordisk A/S was one of the most profitable firms in the world, thanks largely to just two GLP-1-based drugs, Ozempic and Wegovy. Unusually, this incredibly profitable firm was controlled not by individual private shareholders, but by a non-profit... View Details
      Keywords: Pharmaceutical Companies; Diabetes; Obesity; Foundation; Non-profit Management; Profit; Corporate Governance; Business or Company Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Expansion; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Nonprofit Organizations; Pharmaceutical Industry; Denmark; Europe
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia M. Comeau. "Novo Nordisk Foundation." Harvard Business School Case 325-031, August 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • August 2024
      • Case

      Pioneering Pain Management: CWC Alliance Combats the Opioid Epidemic

      By: Susanna Gallani, Karen L. Sedatole and Sarah Mehta
      Set in March 2024, this case is about CWC Alliance (CWC), a nonprofit working to prevent opioid addiction in the U.S. Founder Cammie Wolf Rice launched CWC in 2018 after her son, Christopher Wolf, died of a heroin overdose. Wolf’s dependence on opioids stemmed from a... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Innovation and Invention; Jobs and Positions; Nonprofit Organizations; Expansion; Growth and Development Strategy; Service Delivery; Mission and Purpose; Health Industry; United States; Georgia (state, US); Atlanta
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      Gallani, Susanna, Karen L. Sedatole, and Sarah Mehta. "Pioneering Pain Management: CWC Alliance Combats the Opioid Epidemic." Harvard Business School Case 125-012, August 2024.
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