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- All HBS Web
(3,511)
- People (5)
- News (334)
- Research (2,593)
- Events (33)
- Multimedia (28)
- Faculty Publications (1,893)
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- October 2007 (Revised November 2010)
- Module Note
Evaluating M&A Deals-Equity Consideration
What the acquiring company pays for a target in a merger or acquisition is called "consideration." Consideration can be in the form of cash, shares, or a combination of the two. Lays out the basic mechanics of equity consideration. Derives formulas for the Deal NPV of... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals-Equity Consideration." Harvard Business School Module Note 208-077, October 2007. (Revised November 2010.)
- September 2003
- Article
Evaluating International Tax Reform
By: Mihir A. Desai and James R. Hines Jr.
Desai, Mihir A., and James R. Hines Jr. "Evaluating International Tax Reform." National Tax Journal 56, no. 3 (September 2003): 409–440.
- June 2023
- Simulation
Artea Dashboard and Targeting Policy Evaluation
By: Ayelet Israeli and Eva Ascarza
Companies deploy A/B experiments to gain valuable insights about their customers in order to answer strategic business problems. In marketing, A/B tests are often used to evaluate marketing interventions intended to generate incremental outcomes for the firm. The Artea... View Details
Keywords: Algorithm Bias; Algorithmic Data; Race And Ethnicity; Experimentation; Promotion; Marketing And Society; Big Data; Privacy; Data-driven Management; Data Analysis; Data Analytics; E-Commerce Strategy; Discrimination; Targeted Advertising; Targeted Policies; Pricing Algorithms; A/B Testing; Ethical Decision Making; Customer Base Analysis; Customer Heterogeneity; Coupons; Marketing; Race; Gender; Diversity; Customer Relationship Management; Marketing Communications; Advertising; Decision Making; Ethics; E-commerce; Analytics and Data Science; Retail Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
- 2009
- Chapter
Evaluating the Impact of SA8000 Certification
By: Michael J. Hiscox, Claire Schwartz and Michael W. Toffel
SA 8000, along with other types of certification standards and corporate codes of conduct, represents a new form of private governance of working conditions, initiated and implemented by companies, labor unions, and non-governmental activist groups. Whether these codes... View Details
Hiscox, Michael J., Claire Schwartz, and Michael W. Toffel. "Evaluating the Impact of SA8000 Certification." In Social Accountability 8000: The First Decade -- Implementation, Influence, and Impact, edited by Deborah Leipziger. Greenleaf Publishing, 2009.
- February 1976 (Revised February 1977)
- Case
Evaluation of Investment Alternatives
By: Dwight B. Crane
Crane, Dwight B. "Evaluation of Investment Alternatives." Harvard Business School Case 276-180, February 1976. (Revised February 1977.)
- July 2005
- Journal Article
How to Evaluate Clusters
By: Christian H.M. Ketels
Ketels, Christian H.M. "How to Evaluate Clusters." Special Issue "Poles de Competitivite Revue parlementaire (July 2005).
- 2023
- Article
Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules
By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a... View Details
Keywords: Causal Inference; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Precision Medicine; Uplift Modeling; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association 118, no. 541 (2023): 242–256.
- 2025
- Working Paper
Choosing and Using Information in Evaluation Decisions
By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman, Scott Kostyshak and Perihan O. Saygin
We use a controlled experiment to study how information acquisition impacts candidate evaluations. We provide evaluators with group-level information on performance and the opportunity to acquire additional, individual-level performance information before making a... View Details
Keywords: Discrimination; Beliefs; Stereotypes; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Selection and Staffing; Performance Evaluation
Coffman, Katherine Baldiga, Scott Kostyshak, and Perihan O. Saygin. "Choosing and Using Information in Evaluation Decisions." Working Paper, February 2025.
- 2023
- Working Paper
Evaluation and Learning in R&D Investment
By: Alexander P. Frankel, Joshua L. Krieger, Danielle Li and Dimitris Papanikolaou
We examine the role of spillover learning in shaping the value of exploratory versus incremental
R&D. Using data from drug development, we show that novel drug candidates generate more
knowledge spillovers than incremental ones. Despite being less likely to reach... View Details
Frankel, Alexander P., Joshua L. Krieger, Danielle Li, and Dimitris Papanikolaou. "Evaluation and Learning in R&D Investment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-074, May 2023. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31290, May 2023.)
- 2023
- Article
Evaluating Explainability for Graph Neural Networks
By: Chirag Agarwal, Owen Queen, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Marinka Zitnik
As explanations are increasingly used to understand the behavior of graph neural networks (GNNs), evaluating the quality and reliability of GNN explanations is crucial. However, assessing the quality of GNN explanations is challenging as existing graph datasets have no... View Details
Keywords: Analytics and Data Science
Agarwal, Chirag, Owen Queen, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Marinka Zitnik. "Evaluating Explainability for Graph Neural Networks." Art. 114. Scientific Data 10 (2023).
- January 2003
- Article
Economic Evaluation in Orthopaedics
By: Kevin J Bozic, Aaron G. Rosenberg, Robert S. Huckman and James H. Herndon
Bozic, Kevin J., Aaron G. Rosenberg, Robert S. Huckman, and James H. Herndon. "Economic Evaluation in Orthopaedics." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume 85, no. 1 (January 2003): 129–42.
- July 2004 (Revised December 2004)
- Case
How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities
By: Michael J. Roberts and Lauren Barley
Four venture capitalists from leading Silicon Valley firms are interviewed about the frameworks they use to evaluate potential venture opportunities. Questions include: How do you evaluate the venture's prospective business model? What due diligence do you conduct?... View Details
Roberts, Michael J., and Lauren Barley. "How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities." Harvard Business School Case 805-019, July 2004. (Revised December 2004.)
- February 1980 (Revised April 1981)
- Case
RAWAN Proposal Evaluation Group
By: J. Ronald Fox
Fox, J. Ronald. "RAWAN Proposal Evaluation Group." Harvard Business School Case 380-147, February 1980. (Revised April 1981.)
- 2011
- Article
Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation
By: Christopher Parsons, J. Sulaeman, M. Yates and D. Hamermesh
Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences when they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the... View Details
Keywords: Wages; Motivation and Incentives; Prejudice and Bias; Ethnicity; Race; Performance Productivity; Sports; Sports Industry
Parsons, Christopher, J. Sulaeman, M. Yates, and D. Hamermesh. "Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation." American Economic Review 101, no. 4 (June 2011): 1410–1435.
- January 1982
- Article
A Negativity Bias in Interpersonal Evaluation
By: T. M. Amabile and A. H. Glazebrook
Two studies were conducted to demonstrate a bias toward negativity in evaluations of persons or their work in particular social circumstances. In Study 1, subjects evaluated materials written by peers. Those working under conditions that placed them in low status... View Details
Keywords: Social Psychology; Status and Position; Prejudice and Bias; Performance Evaluation; Situation or Environment; Perception; Attitudes
Amabile, T. M., and A. H. Glazebrook. "A Negativity Bias in Interpersonal Evaluation." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18 (January 1982): 1–22.
- February 1979
- Article
Effects of External Evaluation on Artistic Creativity
By: T. M. Amabile
Examined the conditions under which the imposition of an extrinsic constraint upon performance of an activity can lead to decrements in creativity. 95 female undergraduates worked on an art activity either with or without the expectation of external evaluation. In... View Details
Keywords: Creativity; Social Psychology; Performance Evaluation; Motivation and Incentives; Situation or Environment
Amabile, T. M. "Effects of External Evaluation on Artistic Creativity." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 2 (February 1979): 221–233.
- August 2023
- Case
Partners Capital: Evaluating Fund Performance
By: Luis M. Viceira and Ryan Gilland
Viceira, Luis M., and Ryan Gilland. "Partners Capital: Evaluating Fund Performance." Harvard Business School Case 224-017, August 2023.
- April 2006
- Teaching Note
Drilling South: Petrobras Evaluates Pecom
By: Mihir A. Desai and Kathleen Luchs
Keywords: Energy Industry
- 2022
- Article
Data Poisoning Attacks on Off-Policy Evaluation Methods
By: Elita Lobo, Harvineet Singh, Marek Petrik, Cynthia Rudin and Himabindu Lakkaraju
Off-policy Evaluation (OPE) methods are a crucial tool for evaluating policies in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, where exploration is often infeasible, unethical, or expensive. However, the extent to which such methods can be trusted under adversarial threats... View Details
Lobo, Elita, Harvineet Singh, Marek Petrik, Cynthia Rudin, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Data Poisoning Attacks on Off-Policy Evaluation Methods." Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) 38th (2022): 1264–1274.
- 18 Jun 2008
- Working Paper Summaries