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  • 2024
  • Article

Half the Firms, Double the Profits: Public Firms' Transformation, 1996–2022

By: Mark J. Roe and Charles C.Y. Wang
The number of public firms in the United States has halved since the beginning of the twenty-first century, causing consternation among corporate and securities law regulators. The dominant explanations, often advanced by Securities and Exchange commissioners when... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Law; Securities Regulation; Sarbanes-Oxley Act; Concentration Levels; Antitrust; Initial Public Offering; Public Ownership; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Mergers and Acquisitions; Monopoly; United States
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Roe, Mark J., and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Half the Firms, Double the Profits: Public Firms' Transformation, 1996–2022." Journal of Law, Finance, and Accounting 8, no. 2 (2024): 211–264.
  • January 2017
  • Case

The Six CEOs of Tyco International Ltd.

By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
In September 2016, Johnson Controls, Inc. completed the acquisition of Tyco International PLC, a $9.9 billion business with operating profits of $884 million. The purchase consideration was $14.4 billion. Although the deal was billed as a merger, Ireland-based Tyco... View Details
Keywords: Tyco; Dennis Kozlowski; Edward Breen; Fire Safety; Fire Protection; Security; Packaging; Securities And Exchange Commission; Fraud; Accounting; Accounting Audits; Earnings Management; Financial Statements; Goodwill Accounting; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Business Divisions; Business Exit or Shutdown; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Headquarters; Business Model; Business Organization; For-Profit Firms; Restructuring; Crime and Corruption; Engineering; Applied Optics; Chemicals; Construction; Metals and Minerals; Ethics; Finance; Cash Flow; Public Equity; Stock Options; Financing and Loans; Initial Public Offering; Profit; Revenue; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Global Range; Globalized Firms and Management; Multinational Firms and Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Health Care and Treatment; Business History; Executive Compensation; Selection and Staffing; Courts and Trials; Lawfulness; Lawsuits and Litigation; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Public Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Strategy; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Consolidation; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Expansion; Horizontal Integration; Value; Chemical Industry; Construction Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Electronics Industry; Energy Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Mining Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Semiconductor Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Utilities Industry; Republic of Ireland; Switzerland; Bermuda; United States; New Hampshire
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Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "The Six CEOs of Tyco International Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 717-459, January 2017.
  • 2016
  • Working Paper

Financing Payouts

By: Joan Farre-Mensa, Roni Michaely and Martin Schmalz
We study the extent to which firms rely on the capital markets to fund their payouts. We find that 42% of firms that pay out capital also initiate debt or equity issues in the same year, resulting in 32% of aggregate payouts being externally financed. Most firms with... View Details
Keywords: Payout Policy; Financing Decisions; Debt Issues; Equity Issues; Capital Structure; Decision Making; Financing and Loans; Corporate Finance
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Farre-Mensa, Joan, Roni Michaely, and Martin Schmalz. "Financing Payouts." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-049, December 2014. (Revised December 2016.)
  • November 2005 (Revised December 2016)
  • Case

Bally Total Fitness (A): The Rise, 1962–2004

By: John R. Wells, Elizabeth A. Raabe and Gabriel Ellsworth
From a single, modest club in 1962, Bally Total Fitness had grown to become—in management’s words—the “largest and only nationwide commercial operator of fitness centers” in the United States in 2004. Bally had faced its share of challenges, but the last couple of... View Details
Keywords: Bally Total Fitness; Fitness; Gyms; Health Clubs; Chain; Securities And Exchange Commission; Paul Toback; Weight Loss; Exercise; Contracts; Personal Training; Retention; Accounting; Accounting Audits; Accrual Accounting; Finance; Advertising; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; For-Profit Firms; Customers; Customer Satisfaction; Public Equity; Financing and Loans; Revenue; Revenue Recognition; Geographic Scope; Multinational Firms and Management; Health; Nutrition; Business History; Lawsuits and Litigation; Management; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing; Operations; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Public Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Business and Shareholder Relations; Business Strategy; Competition; Corporate Strategy; Expansion; Segmentation; Trends; Cost Management; Profit; Growth and Development; Leadership Style; Five Forces Framework; Private Ownership; Opportunities; Motivation and Incentives; Competitive Strategy; Health Industry; United States; Illinois; Chicago
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Wells, John R., Elizabeth A. Raabe, and Gabriel Ellsworth. "Bally Total Fitness (A): The Rise, 1962–2004." Harvard Business School Case 706-450, November 2005. (Revised December 2016.)
  • September 2022 (Revised January 2023)
  • Case

Bear to Bull: An Analyst’s Journey with Netflix

By: Aiyesha Dey, Joseph Pacelli, Jennifer G. Lawson and Tom Quinn
Wedbush Securities analyst Michael Pachter said “hell freezing over” was more likely than him upgrading the “sell” rating he had maintained on movie and television streaming giant Netflix since 2011, despite meteoric subscriber and share price growth. In 2022, however,... View Details
Keywords: Accounting; Asset Pricing; Cash Flow; Investment; Stocks; Equity; Analysis; Attitudes; Financial Services Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States
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Dey, Aiyesha, Joseph Pacelli, Jennifer G. Lawson, and Tom Quinn. "Bear to Bull: An Analyst’s Journey with Netflix." Harvard Business School Case 123-001, September 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
  • November 2022 (Revised September 2023)
  • Technical Note

SAFE Notes: An Introduction

By: Álvaro Rodríguez Arregui and Jo Tango
A SAFE ("Simple Agreement for Future Equity") is a security increasingly used in seed financings. Not equity or debt, SAFEs allow founders to "get capital now and sell equity later." This Technical Note covers: 1. What is a SAFE and why use one?, 2. The key concepts... View Details
Keywords: Seed Financing; Seed Investing; Entrepreneurial Finance; Financing and Loans
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Rodríguez Arregui, Álvaro, and Jo Tango. "SAFE Notes: An Introduction." Harvard Business School Technical Note 823-026, November 2022. (Revised September 2023.)
  • February 2023
  • Teaching Note

Bear to Bull? An Analyst’s Journey with Netflix

By: Aiyesha Dey and Joseph Pacelli
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 123-001. Wedbush Securities analyst Michael Pachter said “hell freezing over” was more likely than him upgrading the “sell” rating he had maintained on movie and television streaming giant Netflix since 2011, despite meteoric subscriber... View Details
Keywords: Equity; Analysis; Stock Shares
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Dey, Aiyesha, and Joseph Pacelli. "Bear to Bull? An Analyst’s Journey with Netflix." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-072, February 2023.
  • August 2019
  • Case

Subscription Lines Dilemma

By: Victoria Ivashina and Terrence Shu
This case follows a fictional managing partner of a private equity firm, as she contemplates whether to utilize subscription lines of credit in her firm’s funds. Subscription lines are revolving lines of credit secured by commitments from a fund’s investors. Private... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Credit; Strategy
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Ivashina, Victoria, and Terrence Shu. "Subscription Lines Dilemma." Harvard Business School Case 220-025, August 2019.
  • January 2011 (Revised December 2017)
  • Case

Tombstones

By: Timothy A. Luehrman and David Lane
This case consists primarily of excerpts from term sheets and prospectuses for six securities offerings made by US companies during 2009-2010, just after the financial crisis and recession of 2008-09. There are three issues of senior unsecured notes, one floating rate... View Details
Keywords: Financial Crisis; Equity; Debt Securities; Bonds; Motivation and Incentives; United States
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Luehrman, Timothy A., and David Lane. "Tombstones." Harvard Business School Case 211-063, January 2011. (Revised December 2017.)
  • February 2000 (Revised April 2005)
  • Case

Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm

Describes Gray Security Services, an entrepreneurial South African firm that has recently gone through a financial restructuring with the help of Brait Capital Partners, a private equity firm. Gray provides complete security services to companies in South Africa, other... View Details
Keywords: Initial Public Offering; Entrepreneurship; Equity; Growth and Development Strategy; Service Industry; South Africa
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Kuemmerle, Walter, William J. Coughlin Jr., and Chad S Ellis. "Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm." Harvard Business School Case 800-193, February 2000. (Revised April 2005.)
  • January 2013 (Revised October 2014)
  • Teaching Note

Tombstones

By: Timothy A. Luehrman
This case consists primarily of excerpts from term sheets and prospectuses for six securities offerings made by US companies during 2009-2010, just after the financial crisis and recession of 2008-09. There are three issues of senior unsecured notes, one floating rate... View Details
Keywords: Debt Securities; Financial Crisis; United States
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Luehrman, Timothy A. "Tombstones." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 213-085, January 2013. (Revised October 2014.)
  • February 2014
  • Background Note

Raising Startup Capital

By: Jeffrey Bussgang
Entrepreneurs typically focus their full energies on business-building. But raising capital is a core part of building a valuable business. Developing expertise in raising capital is more than a necessary evil, it is a competitive weapon. Master it and you will be in a... View Details
Keywords: Fund Raising; Venture Capital Term Sheet; Venture Creation/development; Venture Investing; Venture Philanthropy; Entrepreneurial Finance; Entrepreneurial Management; Entrepreneurs; Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act; Non-equity Financing; Convertible Notes; Convertible Debt; Debt Financing; Raising Capital; National Venture Capital Association; Venture Capital Firm Compensation; Crowdfunding; Crowd-funding; Startup; Start-up; Startup Management; Startups; Angel Investors; Angels; Accelerator; Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Entrepreneurship; Business Startups; Financial Services Industry; United States
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Bussgang, Jeffrey. "Raising Startup Capital." Harvard Business School Background Note 814-089, February 2014.
  • June 1994 (Revised September 1995)
  • Case

Leland O'Brien Rubinstein Associates, Inc.: SuperTrust

By: Peter Tufano
Leland O'Brien Rubinstein Associates, Inc. (LOR), which profited by selling portfolio insurance to institutional investors, attempts to rebuild itself after the 1987 stock market crash by creating new products to meet the unsatisfied needs of equity investors. LOR... View Details
Keywords: Product Development; Financial Services Industry; United States
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Tufano, Peter, and Barbara Kyrillos. "Leland O'Brien Rubinstein Associates, Inc.: SuperTrust." Harvard Business School Case 294-050, June 1994. (Revised September 1995.)
  • August 2018 (Revised June 2019)
  • Case

Oaktree: Pierre Foods Investment

By: Victoria Ivashina and Mike Harmon
This case is a setting to discuss “loan to own” investment strategy that is often pursued by distressed investors. The aftermath of the 2007 financial crisis left many companies with poor liquidity and limited ability to obtain credit. One of these companies was Pierre... View Details
Keywords: Distress Investing; Investment; Debt Securities; Strategy; Restructuring
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Ivashina, Victoria, and Mike Harmon. "Oaktree: Pierre Foods Investment." Harvard Business School Case 219-018, August 2018. (Revised June 2019.)
  • October 2000 (Revised February 2007)
  • Case

Harvard Management Company and Inflation-Protected Bonds, The

By: Luis M. Viceira
In March 2000, the board of The Harvard Management Co. (HMC) approved significant changes in the policy portfolio determining the long-run allocation policy of the Harvard University endowment. These changes included a sharp reduction of the allocation to U.S. equities... View Details
Keywords: Bonds; Investment Portfolio; Investment Funds; Asset Management; Corporate Governance; Capital Markets; Financial Services Industry; United States
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Viceira, Luis M. "Harvard Management Company and Inflation-Protected Bonds, The." Harvard Business School Case 201-053, October 2000. (Revised February 2007.)
  • February 2017 (Revised February 2018)
  • Case

Frank Baker: Siris Capital Group and Titan Systems

By: Steven Rogers and Derrick Collins
Private equity firm, Siris Capital Group, must decide if they should raise their offer to take Titan Telecom private by acquiring its publicly traded stock. Siris’ decision to pay a premium for Titan must be made in the context of their unique (and somewhat complex)... View Details
Keywords: Acquisition; Leveraged Buyouts; Mergers and Acquisitions; Private Equity; Mobile Technology; Financial Services Industry; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry; United States
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Rogers, Steven, and Derrick Collins. "Frank Baker: Siris Capital Group and Titan Systems." Harvard Business School Case 317-036, February 2017. (Revised February 2018.)
  • January 1999 (Revised April 2004)
  • Case

Infox System GmbH

Apax, a private equity firm, has an opportunity to invest in a travel-related print-materials distribution business in Germany. Infox is typical of many buyout opportunities. One of the founders seeks to exit the business, and recently hired managers will have to... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts; Entrepreneurship; Investment; Financial Services Industry; Germany
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Kuemmerle, Walter, M. Frederick Paul, and Chad S Ellis. "Infox System GmbH." Harvard Business School Case 899-061, January 1999. (Revised April 2004.)
  • May 2019
  • Teaching Note

Tesla, Inc. in 2018

By: Siko Sikochi and Suraj Srinivasan
Teaching Note for HBS No. 119-013. The case facilitates a discussion about corporate governance and its role in achieving sustainable profitability and driving long-term shareholder value. The discussion can focus on such questions as what constitutes good governance,... View Details
Keywords: Public Company; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Cost vs Benefits
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Sikochi, Siko, and Suraj Srinivasan. "Tesla, Inc. in 2018." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 119-101, May 2019.
  • 20 Mar 2008
  • Working Paper Summaries

Sell Side School Ties

Keywords: by Lauren H. Cohen, Andrea Frazzini & Christopher J. Malloy; Financial Services
  • October 2024 (Revised May 2025)
  • Case

Southern California Industrial: Freezer Drive

By: Arthur I Segel, Dwight Angelini and W. Matt Kelly
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a Boston based real estate private equity firm was seeking to make their very first West Coast investments in hopes of establishing their presence in the strategic region. An exciting property suddenly became available on the... View Details
Keywords: Real Estate Development; Acquisition; Health Pandemics; Risk and Uncertainty; Expansion; Cost vs Benefits; Investment Return; Real Estate Industry
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Segel, Arthur I., Dwight Angelini, and W. Matt Kelly. "Southern California Industrial: Freezer Drive." Harvard Business School Case 225-015, October 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
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