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      • November 2019
      • Article

      Procedural Justice and the Risks of Consumer Voting

      By: Tami Kim, Leslie John, Todd Rogers and Michael I. Norton
      Firms are increasingly giving consumers the vote. Eight studies demonstrate that when firms empower consumers to vote, consumers infer a series of implicit promises—even in the absence of explicit promises. We identify three implicit promises to which consumers react... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Empowerment; Procedural Justice; Promises; Customer Relationship Management; Voting; Perception; Fairness; Risk Management
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      Kim, Tami, Leslie John, Todd Rogers, and Michael I. Norton. "Procedural Justice and the Risks of Consumer Voting." Management Science 65, no. 11 (November 2019): 5234–5251.
      • October 2019
      • Case

      Harlem Capital: Changing the Face of Entrepreneurship (A)

      By: George Serafeim
      Jarrid Tingle and Henri Pierre-Jacques had spent the summer between their first and second years of their Harvard Business School MBA program fund raising for their start-up venture capital (VC) firm, Harlem Capital Partners. Harlem Capital was founded upon the... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Gender Bias; Gender Inequality; Minority Representation; Entrepreneurial Finance; Investment Management; Investing; Inequality; Race And Ethnicity; Black Entrepreneurs; Black Inventors; Black Leadership; Venture Investing; Fund Raising; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurship; Diversity; Gender; Race; Equality and Inequality; Equity; Mission and Purpose; Investment Funds; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "Harlem Capital: Changing the Face of Entrepreneurship (A)." Harvard Business School Case 120-040, October 2019.
      • October 2019
      • Supplement

      Harlem Capital: Changing the Face of Entrepreneurship (B)

      By: George Serafeim
      The (B) case describes Tingle and Pierre-Jacques’ decision to commit fully to Harlem Capital as their post-graduation job. The case explores the results of their fundraising efforts, new strategic partnerships, and how they plan to “build the market” in order to... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Gender Bias; Gender Inequality; Minority Representation; Entrepreneurial Finance; Investment Management; Investing; Inequality; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurship; Diversity; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Equity; Mission and Purpose; Investment Funds; Financial Services Industry
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "Harlem Capital: Changing the Face of Entrepreneurship (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 120-041, October 2019.
      • October 2019
      • Teaching Note

      Google: To TVC or Not to TVC?

      By: William R. Kerr and Carl Kreitzberg
      A Teaching Note for the "Google: To TVC or Not to TVC?" case study (HBS#820-048). The case discusses recent controversies regarding how Google manages temporary help agency workers, workers supplied by vendors, and independent contractors ("TVCs"). Such TVCs reportedly... View Details
      Keywords: Workforce; Independent Contractors; Talent Management; Silicon Valley; Google; Employee Attitude; Employee Compensation; Employee Engagement; Future Of Work; Innovation; Innovation And Strategy; Inequality; Talent Acquisition; Labor; Talent and Talent Management; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Employees; Attitudes; Innovation and Management; Human Resources; Information Technology Industry; United States; San Francisco
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      Kerr, William R., and Carl Kreitzberg. "Google: To TVC or Not to TVC?" Harvard Business School Teaching Note 820-049, October 2019.
      • October 2019 (Revised March 2021)
      • Background Note

      Modern Automation (B): Robotics

      By: William R. Kerr and James Palano
      Driven largely by advances in perception and situational awareness, robots in the 2010s were gaining functionality that allowed them to be applied to fundamentally new types of work. The expanding range of new tasks that could be completed by machines had significant... View Details
      Keywords: Robotics; Artificial Intelligence; Future Of Work; Technology Commercialization; Information Technology; Commercialization; Employment; AI and Machine Learning
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      Kerr, William R., and James Palano. "Modern Automation (B): Robotics." Harvard Business School Background Note 820-069, October 2019. (Revised March 2021.)
      • Article

      Creating Firm Disclosures

      By: Amir Amel-Zadeh, Alexandra Scherf and Eugene F. Soltes
      Managers expend significant time and effort preparing disclosures about firm performance and strategy. Although prior literature has explored how variation in the style and presentation of disclosures impacts investors' perceptions of firms, little is known about how... View Details
      Keywords: Disclosure; Earnings Conference Call; Field Study; MD&A; Textual Analysis; Corporate Disclosure
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      Amel-Zadeh, Amir, Alexandra Scherf, and Eugene F. Soltes. "Creating Firm Disclosures." Journal of Financial Reporting 4, no. 2 (Fall 2019): 1–31.
      • September 2019 (Revised December 2019)
      • Case

      Google: To TVC or Not to TVC?

      By: William R. Kerr and Carl Kreitzberg
      In late 2018, evidence emerged that many of Google’s temporary help agency workers, vendors, and independent contractors (“TVCs”) were unhappy with the company. TVCs, who reportedly made up 49.95% of Google’s 170,000-person global workforce, had raised concerns of... View Details
      Keywords: Workforce; Independent Contractors; Talent Management; Silicon Valley; Google; Employee Attitude; Employee Compensation; Employee Engagement; Future Of Work; Innovation; Innovation And Strategy; Inequality; Talent Acquisition; Labor; Talent and Talent Management; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Employees; Attitudes; Innovation and Management; Human Resources; Equality and Inequality; Information Technology Industry; United States; San Francisco
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      Kerr, William R., and Carl Kreitzberg. "Google: To TVC or Not to TVC?" Harvard Business School Case 820-048, September 2019. (Revised December 2019.)
      • September 2019
      • Article

      The Self-Presentational Consequences of Upholding One's Stance in Spite of the Evidence

      By: Leslie John, Martha Jeong, Francesca Gino and Laura Huang
      Five studies explore the self-presentational consequences of refusing to “back down” – that is, upholding a stance despite evidence of its inaccuracy. Using data from an entrepreneurial pitch competition, Study 1 shows that entrepreneurs tend not to back down even... View Details
      Keywords: Self-presentation; Belief Perseverance; Judgment; Confidence; Persuasion; Personal Characteristics; Behavior; Perception; Decision Making; Outcome or Result
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      John, Leslie, Martha Jeong, Francesca Gino, and Laura Huang. "The Self-Presentational Consequences of Upholding One's Stance in Spite of the Evidence." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 154 (September 2019): 1–14.
      • August 2019 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Zillow Offers: Winning Online Real Estate 2.0

      By: Luis Viceira, Marco Di Maggio and Allison Ciechanover
      Founded in 2005, Zillow had become the leading online real estate and home-related marketplace. The brand was recognized as a trusted resource for players in the real estate market, providing information and transparency on home prices. Revenue, which was historically... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate; Corporate Culture; Intermediation; Brokerage; Startup; Evaluating Business Investments; Property; Information Technology; Business Model; Expansion; Business Startups; Real Estate Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; United States
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      Viceira, Luis, Marco Di Maggio, and Allison Ciechanover. "Zillow Offers: Winning Online Real Estate 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 220-021, August 2019. (Revised April 2021.)
      • Article

      The Feeling of Not Knowing It All

      By: Haiyang Yang, Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely and Michael I. Norton
      How do consumers assess their mastery of knowledge they have learned? We explore this question by investigating a common knowledge consumption situation: encountering opportunities for further learning. We argue and show that such opportunities can trigger a... View Details
      Keywords: Knowledge Consumption; Consumption Of Learning; Judgment Of Knowledge; Feeling Ofknowing; Confidence In Knowledge; WYSIATI; FONKIA; Knowledge Acquisition; Learning; Perception
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      Yang, Haiyang, Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely, and Michael I. Norton. "The Feeling of Not Knowing It All." Journal of Consumer Psychology 29, no. 3 (July 2019): 455–462.
      • July 2019
      • Article

      The Gravitational Pull of Expressing Passion: When and How Expressing Passion Elicits Status Conferral and Support from Others

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Christopher To, Shira Agasi, Stéphane Côté and Adam D. Galinsky
      Prior research attributes the positive effects of passion on professional success to intrapersonal characteristics. We propose that interpersonal processes are also critical because observers confer status on and support those who express passion. These interpersonal... View Details
      Keywords: Passion; Admiration; Support; Emotions; Communication; Perception; Status and Position; Success; Situation or Environment; Competition
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Christopher To, Shira Agasi, Stéphane Côté, and Adam D. Galinsky. "The Gravitational Pull of Expressing Passion: When and How Expressing Passion Elicits Status Conferral and Support from Others." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 153 (July 2019): 41–62.
      • 2010
      • Article

      I May Not Agree With You, but I Trust You: Caring About Social Issues Signals Integrity

      By: Julian Zlatev
      What characteristics of an individual signal trustworthiness to other people? I propose that individuals who care about contentious social issues signal to observers that they have integrity and thus can be trusted. Critically, this signal conveys trustworthiness... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Characteristics; Moral Sensibility; Perception; Trust
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      Zlatev, Julian. "I May Not Agree With You, but I Trust You: Caring About Social Issues Signals Integrity." Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (June 2019): 880–892.
      • June 2019
      • Article

      Learning to Become a Taste Expert

      By: Kathryn A. Latour and John A. Deighton
      Evidence suggests that consumers seek to become more expert about hedonic products to enhance their enjoyment of future consumption occasions. Current approaches to becoming expert center on cultivating an analytic mindset. In the present research the authors explore... View Details
      Keywords: Learning; Experience and Expertise; Analysis; Perception
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      Latour, Kathryn A., and John A. Deighton. "Learning to Become a Taste Expert." Journal of Consumer Research 46, no. 1 (June 2019): 1–19.
      • April 2019 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      Reaganomics: Impact and Legacy

      By: Tom Nicholas, John Masko and Matthew G. Preble
      During the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan and his administration instituted several far-reaching economic policies that had both near- and long-term impacts on such aspects of the U.S. economy as monetary policy, inflation, the tax structure, and the role of... View Details
      Keywords: Wealth and Poverty; Business and Government Relations; Leadership; Taxation; Government Administration; Government Legislation; Inflation and Deflation; Money; Economy; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, John Masko, and Matthew G. Preble. "Reaganomics: Impact and Legacy." Harvard Business School Case 819-007, April 2019. (Revised April 2020.)
      • April 2019
      • Case

      Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn: The Power of Writing to Launch and Sustain a Movement (Abridged)

      By: Julie Battilana, Lakshmi Ramarajan and Michael Norris
      In 2018, New York Times writer Nicholas Kristof and his wife, former Times writer Sheryl WuDunn (HBS ’86) who worked in finance, were planning for their next book. The couple’s earlier books had given rise to social movements around gender equity and poverty issues.... View Details
      Keywords: Social Movement; Gender Equality; Writing; Social Issues; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Poverty; Books; Change; Leadership
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      Battilana, Julie, Lakshmi Ramarajan, and Michael Norris. "Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn: The Power of Writing to Launch and Sustain a Movement (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 419-059, April 2019.
      • April 2019
      • Article

      Mitigating Malicious Envy: Why Successful Individuals Should Reveal Their Failures

      By: Alison Wood Brooks, Karen Huang, Nicole Abi-Esber, Ryan W. Buell, Laura Huang and Brian Hall
      People often feel malicious envy, a destructive interpersonal emotion, when they compare themselves to successful peers. Across three online experiments and a field experiment of entrepreneurs, we identify an interpersonal strategy that can mitigate feelings of... View Details
      Keywords: Emotions; Perception; Interpersonal Communication; Communication Strategy
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      Brooks, Alison Wood, Karen Huang, Nicole Abi-Esber, Ryan W. Buell, Laura Huang, and Brian Hall. "Mitigating Malicious Envy: Why Successful Individuals Should Reveal Their Failures." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 4 (April 2019): 667–687.
      • April 2019
      • Article

      Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Ovul Sezer and Michael I. Norton
      Four studies reveal the benefits of relationship rituals: couples with relationship rituals report more positive emotions and greater relationship satisfaction and commitment than those without them. We show that rituals are crucial for understanding consumption... View Details
      Keywords: Rituals; Relationship Satisfaction; Relationships; Satisfaction; Spending; Behavior; Perception; Emotions
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Ovul Sezer, and Michael I. Norton. "Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals." Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 4, no. 2 (April 2019): 185–197.
      • April 2019
      • Article

      Shooting the Messenger

      By: Leslie John, Hayley Blunden and Heidi Liu
      Eleven experiments provide evidence that people have a tendency to “shoot the messenger,” deeming innocent bearers of bad news unlikeable. In a preregistered lab experiment, participants rated messengers who delivered bad news from a random drawing as relatively... View Details
      Keywords: Judgment; Communication; Sense-making; Attribution; Disclosure; Interpersonal Communication; Perception; Judgments; Motivation and Incentives
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      John, Leslie, Hayley Blunden, and Heidi Liu. "Shooting the Messenger." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 4 (April 2019): 644–666.
      • Article

      Thin Slices of Workgroups

      By: Patricia Satterstrom, Jeffrey T. Polzer, Lisa Kwan, Oliver P. Hauser, Wannawiruch Wiruchnipawan and Marina Burke
      In this paper, we explore whether perceivers can accurately assess the effectiveness of groups, how perceivers use group properties to inform their judgment, and the contextual and individual differences that allow some perceivers to be more accurate. Across seven... View Details
      Keywords: Group Perception; Group Effectiveness; Thin Slices; Social Sensitivity; Attentional Focus; Groups and Teams; Performance Effectiveness; Perception
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      Satterstrom, Patricia, Jeffrey T. Polzer, Lisa Kwan, Oliver P. Hauser, Wannawiruch Wiruchnipawan, and Marina Burke. "Thin Slices of Workgroups." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 151 (March 2019): 104–117.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      A Preference for Revision Absent Improvement

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Leslie K. John, Ed O’Brien and Michael I. Norton
      People regularly encounter revised stimuli (e.g., revised versions of products, new editions of books, tweaked recipes, and technological updates). In principle, a world of constant revision should benefit people by affording them the most up-to-date offerings. In... View Details
      Keywords: Product Change; Versioning; Expectancy Effects; Heuristics; Intuitive Processing; Product Marketing; Change; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Leslie K. John, Ed O’Brien, and Michael I. Norton. "A Preference for Revision Absent Improvement." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-087, February 2019. (Revised April 2025.)
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