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      • September 2020
      • Case

      Uber at a Crossroads (2017)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      This case describes the history of Uber, its business model—including the ways it differed from that of the traditional taxi industry—and its competition with Lyft. The case is set in 2017, a year in which Uber was plagued by even more scandals than usual, though its... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Business Model; Customer Satisfaction; Fairness; Values and Beliefs; Price; Profit; Revenue; Investment; Government Legislation; Business History; Compensation and Benefits; Resignation and Termination; Employment; Wages; Lawfulness; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Management Style; Market Entry and Exit; Digital Platforms; Product Design; Organizational Culture; Problems and Challenges; Attitudes; Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Expansion; Transportation Networks; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Valuation; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Karen Elterman. "Uber at a Crossroads (2017)." Harvard Business School Case 721-376, September 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 3 Transaction Free Zones

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      In Chapter 2 we saw that the most economical locations for transactions in a task network are the so-called thin crossing points—places where transfers are easy to define, count and pay for. However, in many places in the task network, transfers of material, energy,... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Information Technology; Organizations
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 3 Transaction Free Zones." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-031, August 2020.
      • September 2020
      • Teaching Note

      Miami's Tech Future (C): Reaching Another Miami

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Joyce J. Kim
      The effects of Miami’s startup scene have not reached many “left-behind” lower-income Black communities, which are disproportionately affected by problems such as segregation and racial discrimination, lack of transportation access, crime, education quality, government... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Change; Transformation; Progress; Community; Scaling; Income Inequality; Racism; Community Impact; Community Relations; Change Management; Business Startups; Information Technology; Diversity; Race; Equality and Inequality; Social Issues; Business and Community Relations; Miami; Florida
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Joyce J. Kim. "Miami's Tech Future (C): Reaching Another Miami." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 321-046, September 2020.
      • September 2020
      • Article

      Regulatory Sandboxes: A Cure for mHealth Pilotitis?

      By: Abhishek Bhatia, Rahul Matthan, Tarun Khanna and Satchit Balsari
      Mobile health (mHealth) and related digital health interventions in the past decade have not always scaled globally as anticipated earlier despite large investments by governments and philanthropic foundations. The implementation of digital health tools has suffered... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; mHealth; Digital Health; Design Thinking; Regulation; Intervention; Regulatory Sandbox; Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation; Design; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; India
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      Bhatia, Abhishek, Rahul Matthan, Tarun Khanna, and Satchit Balsari. "Regulatory Sandboxes: A Cure for mHealth Pilotitis?" Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 9 (September 2020).
      • September–October 2020
      • Article

      Social-Impact Efforts That Create Real Value

      By: George Serafeim
      Until the mid-2010s few investors paid attention to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data—information about companies’ carbon footprints, labor policies, board makeup, and so forth. Today the data is widely used by investors. How can organizations create... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Sustainability Management; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Disclosure; ESG Disclosure Metrics; ESG Ratings; ESG Reporting; Social Impact; Impact Measurement; Social Innovation; Purpose; Corporate Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility; Strategy; Social Enterprise; Society; Accounting; Investment; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Corporate Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; North America; Europe; Japan; Australia
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      Serafeim, George. "Social-Impact Efforts That Create Real Value." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 5 (September–October 2020): 38–48.
      • August 2020 (Revised November 2020)
      • Case

      Gogoro: From Electric Scooter to Energy Platform

      By: Tarun Khanna and Billy Chan
      The founder of Gogoro had always wanted to revolutionize the energy market from day one since he started the electric scooter business that featured an innovative battery swapping technology. Over the course of five years, he had developed a premium line of electric... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Energy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategy; Taiwan
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      Khanna, Tarun, and Billy Chan. "Gogoro: From Electric Scooter to Energy Platform." Harvard Business School Case 721-379, August 2020. (Revised November 2020.)
      • July 2020
      • Technical Note

      Digital Natives Growing Without a Sales Force

      By: Das Narayandas, Michael Norris and Amram Migdal
      This brief case describes the rise of so-called digital natives (also called born-in-digital) in the 2000s and 2010s that successfully grew without a sales force. The case highlights the emergence of business-to-business Internet and cloud-based companies and their... View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Crisis Management; Health; Health Pandemics; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Social Issues; Information Technology; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Information Technology Industry; Australia; North and Central America; United States; Illinois; Chicago; California; San Francisco
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      Narayandas, Das, Michael Norris, and Amram Migdal. "Digital Natives Growing Without a Sales Force." Harvard Business School Technical Note 521-019, July 2020.
      • July 2020 (Revised March 2021)
      • Case

      Board Diversity at Amazon (A)

      By: Aiyesha Dey and Anu Atluru
      The case revolves around the decisions that the board of directors of ecommerce giant Amazon would need to make in response to the controversial letter that activist shareholder CtW investment group sent to Amazon’s shareholders, urging them to vote in favor of a... View Details
      Keywords: Board Of Directors; Boards; Governing and Advisory Boards; Diversity; Gender; Race; United States
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      Dey, Aiyesha, and Anu Atluru. "Board Diversity at Amazon (A)." Harvard Business School Case 121-012, July 2020. (Revised March 2021.)
      • July 2020 (Revised January 2021)
      • Case

      Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A)

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      In 2005, Vineet Nayar, the former CEO and Vice Chairman of HCL Technologies, and his wife, Anupama Nayar, committed $100 million of their personal wealth to found Sampark Foundation — a grant-making philanthropy with a mission to transform learning outcomes for 20... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Cultural Change; Digital; Innovation; Experimentation; Metrics; Education Reform; Non-profit; Frugal Innovation; Scale; Ecosystem; Government; Education; Social Enterprise; Leadership; Leading Change; Change Management; Organizational Culture; Innovation Leadership; Nonprofit Organizations; Growth and Development Strategy; Information Technology; Digital Transformation; India
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A)." Harvard Business School Case 421-015, July 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
      • July 2020 (Revised January 2021)
      • Case

      Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A) (Abridged)

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      In 2005, Vineet Nayar, the former CEO and Vice Chairman of HCL Technologies, and his wife, Anupama Nayar, committed $100 million of their personal wealth to found Sampark Foundation—a grant-making philanthropy with a mission to transform learning outcomes for 20... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Organizational Alignment; Culture Change; Digital; Innovation; Experimentation; Metrics; Education Reform; Non-profit; Frugal Innovation; Scale; Ecosystem; Government; Education; Social Enterprise; Leadership; Leading Change; Change Management; Organizational Culture; Alignment; Innovation Leadership; Nonprofit Organizations; Growth and Development Strategy; Information Technology; Digital Transformation; India
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A) (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 421-021, July 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
      • Summer 2020
      • Article

      Venture Capital's Role in Financing Innovation: What We Know and How Much We Still Need to Learn

      By: Josh Lerner and Ramana Nanda
      Venture capital is associated with some of the most high-growth and influential firms in the world. Academics and practitioners have effectively articulated the strengths of the venture model. At the same time, venture capital financing also has real limitations in its... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Financing; Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Technological Innovation
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      Lerner, Josh, and Ramana Nanda. "Venture Capital's Role in Financing Innovation: What We Know and How Much We Still Need to Learn." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 3 (Summer 2020): 237–261.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Cephalosporins—Fighting Hospital Infections: Case Histories of Transformational Advances

      By: Amar Bhidé, Srikant Datar and Katherine Stebbins
      This case history describes the development of three generations of cephalosporins – antibiotics that have significantly reduced hospital infections. Specifically, we chronicle how: 1) Early (pre-cephalosporin) antibiotics were developed in the first half of the 20th... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Technology Adoption; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Invention; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Bhidé, Amar, Srikant Datar, and Katherine Stebbins. "Cephalosporins—Fighting Hospital Infections: Case Histories of Transformational Advances." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-133, July 2020. (Revised May 2024.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Prozac—Controversial Blockbuster: Case Histories of Transformational Advances

      By: Amar Bhidé, Srikant M. Datar and Katherine Stebbins
      This case history describes the development of Prozac, a blockbuster drug that transformed the treatment of depression – and became a cultural phenomenon in the United States. Specifically, we chronicle the: 1) prior treatments for depression and the research that... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Technology Adoption; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Invention; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Bhidé, Amar, Srikant M. Datar, and Katherine Stebbins. "Prozac—Controversial Blockbuster: Case Histories of Transformational Advances." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-135, July 2020. (Revised January 2025.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Tamoxifen—Reducing Breast Cancer Risks: Case Histories of Transformational Advances

      By: Amar Bhidé, Srikant Datar and Katherine Stebbins
      We describe the development of tamoxifen, considered a “gold standard” treatment for millions of breast cancer patients. Specifically, we describe breast cancer treatments before tamoxifen’s development; the initial development of tamoxifen from 1960 to 1973;... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Technology Adoption; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Bhidé, Amar, Srikant Datar, and Katherine Stebbins. "Tamoxifen—Reducing Breast Cancer Risks: Case Histories of Transformational Advances." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-134, July 2020. (Revised January 2025.)
      • June 2020 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      TraceTogether

      By: Mitchell B. Weiss and Sarah Mehta
      By April 7, 2020, over 1.4 million people worldwide had contracted the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Governments raced to curb the spread of COVID-19 by scaling up testing, quarantining those infected, and tracing their possible contacts. It had taken Singapore’s... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Contact Tracing; Government Administration; Crisis Management; Health; Health Pandemics; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Social Issues; Information Technology; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Health Industry; Public Administration Industry; Singapore
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      Weiss, Mitchell B., and Sarah Mehta. "TraceTogether." Harvard Business School Case 820-111, June 2020. (Revised January 2024.)
      • 2020
      • Article

      Inconvenient Truths: Interpreting the Origins of the Internet

      By: Shane Greenstein
      A conventional economic narrative provides intellectual underpinnings for governments to subsidize research and development ("R&D") that coordinates risky research to benefit many in society. This essay compares this narrative with the origins and invention of the... View Details
      Keywords: Lead Users; Technology Transfer; Internet and the Web; History; Analysis; Research and Development; Governance; Information Technology; Policy
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      Greenstein, Shane. "Inconvenient Truths: Interpreting the Origins of the Internet." Journal of Law & Innovation 3 (2020): 36–68.
      • May 2020
      • Case

      Trust Merchant Bank

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Pippa Tubman Armerding, Dilyana Karadzhova Botha and Salim Dewji
      Trust Merchant Bank (TMB), a leading bank in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), needs to decide whether to enter the soon-to-be-liberalized insurance industry. Since its founding in 2004, TMB has played a pivotal role in reshaping the DRC banking landscape by... View Details
      Keywords: Retail Banking; Financial Services; Financial Inclusion; Turnaround; Fintech; Banks and Banking; Financial Condition; Insurance; Corporate Strategy; Expansion; Business Model; Family Business; Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Monopoly; Banking Industry; Insurance Industry; Africa; Congo, Democratic Republic of the
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Pippa Tubman Armerding, Dilyana Karadzhova Botha, and Salim Dewji. "Trust Merchant Bank." Harvard Business School Case 720-449, May 2020.
      • 2020
      • Article

      Public Sentiment and the Price of Corporate Sustainability

      By: George Serafeim
      Combining corporate sustainability performance scores based on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data with big data measuring public sentiment about a company’s sustainability performance, I find that the valuation premium paid for companies with strong... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Investment Management; Investment Strategy; Big Data; Machine Learning; Environment; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Governance; Performance; Asset Pricing; Investment; Management; Strategy; Human Capital; Public Opinion; Value; Analytics and Data Science
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      Serafeim, George. "Public Sentiment and the Price of Corporate Sustainability." Financial Analysts Journal 76, no. 2 (2020): 26–46.
      • Article

      Human Capital and the Future of Work: Implications for Investors and ESG Integration

      By: Sakis Kotsantonis and George Serafeim
      Human capital development (HCD) is a key consideration for most companies, but only recently have investors focused on understanding the risks and opportunities related to human capital with the emergence of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investment... View Details
      Keywords: Future Of Work; ESG; Employee Engagement; Employee Compensation; Human Capital; Human Resources; Employees; Compensation and Benefits; Wages
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      Kotsantonis, Sakis, and George Serafeim. "Human Capital and the Future of Work: Implications for Investors and ESG Integration." Journal of Financial Transformation 51 (April 2020): 115–130.
      • March 2020
      • Case

      Voi Technology

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport and Olivia Hull
      Voi Technology, a fast-growing start-up out of Sweden, is competing in the highly contested European e-scooter sharing market. With a presence in nearly 40 cities in Europe by February 2020, the firm is working hard to improve its unit economics to reach profitability.... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Business Strategy; Technology Adoption; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Marketing Strategy; Business Plan; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Energy Conservation; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Globalized Economies and Regions; Innovation Leadership; Human Capital; Laws and Statutes; Growth Management; Operations; Logistics; Service Operations; Supply Chain Management; Organizational Culture; Information Infrastructure; Transportation; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Europe
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., and Olivia Hull. "Voi Technology." Harvard Business School Case 820-099, March 2020.
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