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- March 2020
- Article
Is This My Group or Not? The Role of Ensemble Coding of Emotional Expressions in Group Categorization
By: Amit Goldenberg, Timothy D. Sweeny, Emmanuel Shpigel and James J. Gross
When exposed to others’ emotional responses, people often make rapid decisions as to whether these others are members of their group or not. These group categorization decisions have been shown to be extremely important to understanding group behavior. Yet, despite... View Details
Keywords: Categorization; Ensemble Coding; Summary Statistical Perception; Social Cognition; Emotions; Perception; Groups and Teams
Goldenberg, Amit, Timothy D. Sweeny, Emmanuel Shpigel, and James J. Gross. "Is This My Group or Not? The Role of Ensemble Coding of Emotional Expressions in Group Categorization." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 149, no. 3 (March 2020).
- 2010
- Article
A Categorical Construction of Ultrafilters
By: Daniel Litt, Zachary Abel and Scott Duke Kominers
Litt, Daniel, Zachary Abel, and Scott Duke Kominers. "A Categorical Construction of Ultrafilters." Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 40, no. 5 (2010): 1611–1617.
- 2024
- Working Paper
Categorical Processing in a Complex World
By: Marco Sammon, Thomas Graeber and Christopher Roth
In real-world news environments, quantitative information is rarely presented in isolation; it is characterized through qualitative comparisons with various reference levels. Company earnings, for example, are commonly compared to analyst forecasts, previous earnings,... View Details
- September 2013
- Article
Status Boundary Enforcement and the Categorization of Black-White Biracials
By: Arnold K. Ho, Jim Sidanius, Amy J.C. Cuddy and Mahzarin R. Banaji
Individuals who qualify equally for membership in more than one racial group are not judged as belonging equally to both of their parent groups, but instead are seen as belonging more to their lower status parent group. Why? The present paper begins to establish the... View Details
Keywords: Hypodescent; Social Dominance Orientation; Intergroup Threat; Hierarchy Maintenance; Equality and Inequality; Race; Rank and Position; Attitudes; Identity
Ho, Arnold K., Jim Sidanius, Amy J.C. Cuddy, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. "Status Boundary Enforcement and the Categorization of Black-White Biracials." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 5 (September 2013): 940–943.
- winter 2003
- Article
Massively Categorical Variables: Revealing the Information in Zip Codes
We introduce the idea of a massively categorical variable, a variable such as zip code that takes on too many values to be treated in the standard manner, and show how to use it directly as explanatory variables in an econometric model. In an application of this... View Details
Steenburgh, Thomas J., Andrew Ainslie, and Peder Hans Engebretson. "Massively Categorical Variables: Revealing the Information in Zip Codes." Marketing Science 22, no. 1 (winter 2003): 40–57.
- 11 Jan 2007
- Working Paper Summaries
A Perceptions Framework for Categorizing Inventory Policies in Single-stage Inventory Systems
Keywords: by Noel Watson
- October 2020
- Article
The Supply Chain Economy: A New Industry Categorization for Understanding Innovation in Services
By: Mercedes Delgado and Karen G. Mills
An active debate has centered on the importance of manufacturing for driving innovation in the U.S. economy. This paper offers an alternative framework that focuses on the role of suppliers of goods and services (the “supply chain economy”) in national performance. We... View Details
Keywords: Supply Chain Industries; Business-to-consumer Industries; Services; Innovation; Economy; Framework; Supply Chain; Service Operations; Innovation and Invention; Economic Growth; United States
Delgado, Mercedes, and Karen G. Mills. "The Supply Chain Economy: A New Industry Categorization for Understanding Innovation in Services." Research Policy 49, no. 8 (October 2020).
- 2008
- Article
Learning (Not) to Talk About Race: When Older Children Underperform in Social Categorization
By: Evan P. Apfelbaum, Kristin Pauker, Nalini Ambady, Samuel R. Sommers and Michael I. Norton
The present research identifies an anomaly in sociocognitive development, whereby younger children (8 and 9 years) outperform their older counterparts (10 and 11 years) in a basic categorization task in which the acknowledgment of racial difference facilitates... View Details
Apfelbaum, Evan P., Kristin Pauker, Nalini Ambady, Samuel R. Sommers, and Michael I. Norton. "Learning (Not) to Talk About Race: When Older Children Underperform in Social Categorization." Developmental Psychology 44, no. 5 (2008).
- Research Summary
The Supply Chain Economy: A New Industry Categorization for Understanding Innovation in Services
By: Karen Mills
An active debate has centered on the importance of manufacturing for driving innovation in the U.S. economy. This paper offers an alternative framework that focuses on the role of suppliers of goods and services (the “supply chain economy”) in national performance. We... View Details
- January 2023
- Article
Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire
By: Tami Kim, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton and Leslie K. John
From “Chick Beer” to “Dryer Sheets for Men,” identity-based labeling is frequently deployed by marketers to appeal to specific target markets. Yet such identity appeals can backfire, alienating the very consumers they aim to attract. We theorize and empirically... View Details
Keywords: Categorization Threat; Stereotypes; Identity; Labels; Gender; Perception; Consumer Behavior
Kim, Tami, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton, and Leslie K. John. "Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire." Special Issue on Racism and Discrimination in the Marketplace edited by Samantha N. N. Cross and Stephanie Dellande. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 8, no. 1 (January 2023): 72–82.
- August 1999
- Article
A Social Categorization Explanation for Framing Effects in Nested Social Dilemmas
By: J. Polzer, K. Stewart and J. Simmons
Keywords: Problems and Challenges
Polzer, J., K. Stewart, and J. Simmons. "A Social Categorization Explanation for Framing Effects in Nested Social Dilemmas." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 79, no. 2 (August 1999): 154–178.
- 16 Feb 2018
- Working Paper Summaries
A New Categorization of the US Economy: The Role of Supply Chain Industries in Innovation and Economic Performance
- 2002
- Working Paper
'What's the Norm Here?' Social Categorization as a Basis for Group Norm Development
By: Francis J. Flynn and Jennifer A. Chatman
Flynn, Francis J., and Jennifer A. Chatman. "'What's the Norm Here?' Social Categorization as a Basis for Group Norm Development." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 02-089, June 2002.
- Article
Introducing the Sociopolitical Motive x Intergroup Threat Model to Understand How Monoracial Perceivers' Sociopolitical Motives Influence Their Categorization of Multiracial People
By: Arnold K. Ho, Nour Kteily and Jacqueline M. Chen
Ho, Arnold K., Nour Kteily, and Jacqueline M. Chen. "Introducing the Sociopolitical Motive x Intergroup Threat Model to Understand How Monoracial Perceivers' Sociopolitical Motives Influence Their Categorization of Multiracial People." Personality and Social Psychology Review 24, no. 3 (August 2020): 260–286.
- August 2021
- Article
Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas
By: F.M. Hollenbach, I. Bojinov, S. Minhas, N.W. Metternich, M.D. Ward and A. Volfovsky
Missing observations are pervasive throughout empirical research, especially in the social sciences. Despite multiple approaches to dealing adequately with missing data, many scholars still fail to address this vital issue. In this paper, we present a simple-to-use... View Details
Hollenbach, F.M., I. Bojinov, S. Minhas, N.W. Metternich, M.D. Ward, and A. Volfovsky. "Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas." Special Issue on New Quantitative Approaches to Studying Social Inequality. Sociological Methods & Research 50, no. 3 (August 2021): 1259–1283. (0049124118799381.)
- July 2017
- Article
The Impact of 'Display-Set' Options on Decision-Making
By: Uma R. Karmarkar
The way a choice set is constructed can have a significant influence on how individuals perceive and evaluate their options and make decisions between them. Here, I examine whether a “display set” of visible but unavailable options can exert these same types of... View Details
Keywords: Decision Making Process; Heuristics; Similarity; Categorization; Marketing Insight; Marketing; Choice; Choice Architecture; Choice Sets; Display; Retail; Consumer Behavior; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Decision Making; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry
Karmarkar, Uma R. "The Impact of 'Display-Set' Options on Decision-Making." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 30, no. 3 (July 2017): 744–753.
- 2025
- Working Paper
A Cognitive Theory of Reasoning and Choice
By: Pedro Bordalo, Nicola Gennaioli, Giacomo Lanzani and Andrei Shleifer
We present a theory of decisions in which attention to the features of choice options is determined by the decision maker's categorization of the current choice problem in a set of problems she solved in the past. Categorization depends on goal-relevant as well as... View Details
Bordalo, Pedro, Nicola Gennaioli, Giacomo Lanzani, and Andrei Shleifer. "A Cognitive Theory of Reasoning and Choice." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 33466, February 2025.
- May 2008
- Exercise
Stakeholder Analysis Tool
This exercise enables users to: identify stakeholders and analyze their interests and expectations; categorize interests and expectations based on importance; and develop an action plan. View Details
Applegate, Lynda M. "Stakeholder Analysis Tool." Harvard Business School Exercise 808-161, May 2008.
- May 2015
- Teaching Note
Walmart: Segmenting Social Impact
By: Michael E. Porter, Mark R. Kramer and Pamela Sud
This case provides a sample of Walmart's social engagement activities and asks students to categorize each as philanthropy, corporate social responsibility, or creating shared value. View Details