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      • February 2025
      • Supplement

      eBee: Affordable Mobility for Africa

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Gamze Yucaoglu and Jordan Mitchell
      The case opens in March 2023, as Sten van der Ham and Jaap Maljers, CEO and co-founder of eBee, an electric bike (e-bike) company in Africa, are contemplating the different avenues for growth and path to profitability for the young and ambitious company. In 2023, the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Value Creation; Competition; Logistics; Profit; Resource Allocation; Expansion; Business Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Bicycle Industry; Africa; Kenya
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Gamze Yucaoglu, and Jordan Mitchell. "eBee: Affordable Mobility for Africa." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 725-855, February 2025.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Old Moats for New Models: Openness, Control, and Competition in Generative AI

      By: Pierre Azoulay, Joshua L. Krieger and Abhishek Nagaraj
      Drawing insights from the field of innovation economics, we discuss the likely competitive environment shaping generative AI advances. Central to our analysis are the concepts of appropriability—whether firms in the industry are able to control the knowledge generated... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; AI and Machine Learning; Open Source Distribution; Policy
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      Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua L. Krieger, and Abhishek Nagaraj. "Old Moats for New Models: Openness, Control, and Competition in Generative AI." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 7442, May 2024.
      • April 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      eBee: Affordable Mobility for Africa

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Gamze Yucaoglu and Jordan Mitchell
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 724-360.The case opens in March 2023, as Sten van der Ham and Jaap Maljers, CEO and co-founder of eBee, an electric bike (e-bike) company in Africa, are contemplating the different avenues for growth and path to profitability for the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Value Creation; Competition; Expansion; Logistics; Profit; Resource Allocation; Corporate Strategy; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Strategy; Product Marketing; Entrepreneurial Finance; Bicycle Industry; Africa; Kenya
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Gamze Yucaoglu, and Jordan Mitchell. "eBee: Affordable Mobility for Africa." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-435, April 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems: Implications for Policymakers

      By: Feng Zhu and Carmelo Cennamo
      The digital realm is undergoing a significant transformation, marked by the emergence of platform business models and the concept of open ecosystems. This paper delves into the intricate nature of ecosystem openness, underscoring the point that the openness of... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Business Model; Governance; System; Situation or Environment
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      Zhu, Feng, and Carmelo Cennamo. "Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems: Implications for Policymakers." Working Paper, November 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Technical Note

      Free and Open Source Software and Hardware

      By: Frank Nagle
      This technical note surveys the concepts of free and open source software and hardware. It introduces the concepts in general, providing a brief history of their development and numerous examples of how companies employ them in practice. Further, it identifies various... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Nonprofit Organizations; Competitive Strategy; Patents; Information Technology; Business Model; Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry
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      Nagle, Frank. "Free and Open Source Software and Hardware." Harvard Business School Technical Note 724-380, September 2023.
      • August 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      eBee: Affordable Mobility for Africa

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in March 2023, as Sten van der Ham and Jaap Maljers, CEO and co-founder of eBee, an electric bike (e-bike) company in Africa, are contemplating the different avenues for growth and path to profitability for the young and ambitious company. In 2023, the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Strategy; Bicycle Industry; Africa; Kenya
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "eBee: Affordable Mobility for Africa." Harvard Business School Case 724-360, August 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • January 31, 2022
      • Article

      Who Pays Tolls at Work and Who Cruises on an Open Highway?

      By: Siri Chilazi, D. Kolb, Kathleen L. McGinn and Jessica L. Porter
      As organizations continue to navigate a changed world amidst the Covid-19 pandemic and the reverberations of the Black Lives Matter movement, many of the issues that affect underrepresented groups in organizations, including women of all different races and... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Opportunities; Equality and Inequality; Social Issues
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      Chilazi, Siri, D. Kolb, Kathleen L. McGinn, and Jessica L. Porter. "Who Pays Tolls at Work and Who Cruises on an Open Highway?" Harvard Business Review (website) (January 31, 2022).
      • Article

      The Translucent Hand of Managed Ecosystems: Engaging Communities for Value Creation and Capture

      By: Elizabeth J. Altman, Frank Nagle and Michael Tushman
      Management research has increasingly explored the domains of ecosystems, platforms, and open/user/distributed innovation—governance structures focused on engaging with external communities. While these research areas include substantial empirical and theoretical work... View Details
      Keywords: Ecosystems; Platforms; Open And User Innovation Strategy; Capabilities; Governance; Innovation Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Value Creation
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      Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael Tushman. "The Translucent Hand of Managed Ecosystems: Engaging Communities for Value Creation and Capture." Academy of Management Annals 16, no. 1 (January 2022): 70–101.
      • 2020
      • Article

      Remaking the Imperial Presidency: The Mayaguez Incident of 1975 and the Contradictions of Credibility

      By: Mattias Fibiger
      This article argues that the Mayaguez incident of 1975 was a missed opportunity to establish a more democratic American foreign policy. President Gerald Ford managed the crisis with an eye toward domestic and international credibility. But his conception of credibility... View Details
      Keywords: Foreign Policy; Presidency; Ford Administration; Government and Politics; History; Crisis Management; United States
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      Fibiger, Mattias. "Remaking the Imperial Presidency: The Mayaguez Incident of 1975 and the Contradictions of Credibility." Diplomacy & Statecraft 31, no. 1 (2020): 118–142.
      • 2019
      • Article

      Sustaining Open Innovation Through a 'Center of Excellence'

      By: Elizabeth E. Richard, Jeffrey R. Davis, Jin Hyun Paik and Karim R. Lakhani
      This paper presents NASA’s experience using a Center of Excellence (CoE) to scale and sustain an open innovation program as an effective problem-solving tool and includes strategic management recommendations for other organizations based on lessons... View Details
      Keywords: Crowdsourcing; Culture Change; Open Innovation; Center Of Excellence; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Organizational Culture; Change Management
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      Richard, Elizabeth E., Jeffrey R. Davis, Jin Hyun Paik, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Sustaining Open Innovation Through a 'Center of Excellence'." Strategy & Leadership 47, no. 3 (2019): 19–26.
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism

      By: Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona
      N.S.B. Gras, the father of business history in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; History; Business History
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      Reinert, Sophus A., and Robert Fredona. "Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism." Chap. 11 in The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Global Business, edited by Teresa da Silva Lopes, Christina Lubinski, and Heidi J.S. Tworek. New York: Routledge, 2019.
      • Article

      The Store Is Dead—Long Live the Store

      By: David R. Bell, Santiago Gallino and Antonio Moreno
      In this article, we pursue two interconnected themes: the expansion of online-first retailers into offline stores that serve the purpose of “supercharging” customer value, and the transformation of the stores of offline-first retailers from... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Experience; Inventory Control; Omnichannel Retailing; Online Marketing; Marketing Channels; Trends; Transformation; Digital Marketing; Retail Industry
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      Bell, David R., Santiago Gallino, and Antonio Moreno. "The Store Is Dead—Long Live the Store." MIT Sloan Management Review 59, no. 3 (Spring 2018): 59–66.
      • January 2018
      • Article

      Who Gets Hired? The Importance of Competition Among Applicants

      By: Edward P. Lazear, Kathryn L. Shaw and Christopher Stanton
      Despite seeming to be an important requirement for hiring, the concept of a slot is absent from virtually all of economics. Macroeconomic studies of vacancies and search come closest, but the implications of slot-based hiring for individual worker outcomes has not been... View Details
      Keywords: Hiring; Selection and Staffing; Employment; Competency and Skills
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      Lazear, Edward P., Kathryn L. Shaw, and Christopher Stanton. "Who Gets Hired? The Importance of Competition Among Applicants." Journal of Labor Economics 36, no. S1 (January 2018): S133–S181.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism

      By: Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona
      N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; History; Business History
      Citation
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      Reinert, Sophus A., and Robert Fredona. "Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-021, September 2017. (Forthcoming in Routledge Companion to the Makers of Global Business. Edited by Teresa da Silva Lopes, Christina Lubinski, Heidi Tworek (2018).)
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Who Gets Hired?: The Importance of Finding an Open Slot

      By: Edward P. Lazear, Kathryn L. Shaw and Christopher Stanton
      Despite seeming to be an important requirement for hiring, the concept of a slot is absent from virtually all of economics. Macroeconomic studies of vacancies and search come closest, but the implications of slot-based hiring for individual worker outcomes has not been... View Details
      Keywords: Hiring; Selection and Staffing; Employment
      Citation
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      Lazear, Edward P., Kathryn L. Shaw, and Christopher Stanton. "Who Gets Hired? The Importance of Finding an Open Slot." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-128, May 2016.
      • 2015
      • Other Teaching and Training Material

      Entrepreneurship Reading: Launching Global Ventures

      By: William R. Kerr
      Core Curriculum in Entrepreneurship is a series of Readings that cover fundamental course material in Entrepreneurship. Readings include Interactive Illustrations which help students master complex concepts quickly.
      Global ventures are those that weave... View Details
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      Kerr, William R. "Entrepreneurship Reading: Launching Global Ventures." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Harvard Business Publishing 5277, 2015.
      • 2015
      • Other Teaching and Training Material

      Competitive Strategies Marketing Reading

      By: Jill Avery and Sunil Gupta
      Core Curriculum Readings in Marketing cover the fundamental concepts, theories, and frameworks that business students must study.
      This Reading illuminates the dynamics of companies in competition and offers a process for planning and executing marketing... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy
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      Avery, Jill, and Sunil Gupta. "Competitive Strategies Marketing Reading." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing 8158, 2015.
      • 2015
      • Chapter

      Modularity and Organizations

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Modularity describes the degree to which a complex system can be broken apart into subunits (modules) that can be recombined in various ways. Modularity is important for organizations and the economy because the boundaries of organizational units and corporations are... View Details
      Keywords: Complexity; Organizations
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Modularity and Organizations." In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Edited by James D. Wright, 718–723. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015.
      • September 2013 (Revised June 2017)
      • Case

      IBM and the Reinvention of High School (A): Proving the P-TECH Concept

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
      IBM's Corporate Citizenship office created a social and organizational innovation in public education through a business-school partnership. IBM's Stanley Litow was the key architect in designing Pathways in Technology Early College High School, known as P-TECH. The... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Partnerships; Leadership; Partners and Partnerships; Education; Business and Community Relations; Change; Innovation and Invention; Education Industry
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "IBM and the Reinvention of High School (A): Proving the P-TECH Concept." Harvard Business School Case 314-049, September 2013. (Revised June 2017.)
      • Summer 2013
      • Article

      IP Modularity: Profiting from Innovation by Aligning Product Architecture with Intellectual Property

      By: Joachim Henkel, Carliss Y. Baldwin and Willy C. Shih
      Firms seeking to take advantage of distributed innovation and outsourcing can bridge the tension between value creation and value capture by modifying the modular structure of their technical systems. Specifically, this article introduces the concept of "IP... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Value Appropriation; Distributed Innovation; Open Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Intellectual Property; Value
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      Henkel, Joachim, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and Willy C. Shih. "IP Modularity: Profiting from Innovation by Aligning Product Architecture with Intellectual Property." California Management Review 55, no. 4 (Summer 2013): 65–82.
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