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      • Faculty Publications  (276)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      How Firms Respond to Worker Activism: Evidence from Global Supply Chains

      By: Yanhua Bird, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Social movement pressures can lead organizations to concede and improve social performance to avoid disruption costs, but we theorize that such responses evoke concession costs that prompt organizations to shift resources and attention from other social domains whose... View Details
      Keywords: Worker Activism; Labor Standards; Tradeoffs; Global Supply Chains; Internal Governance Structure; Public Opinion; Supply Chain; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Working Conditions
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      Bird, Yanhua, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Firms Respond to Worker Activism: Evidence from Global Supply Chains." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-061, June 2025.
      • June 2025
      • Article

      Collusion in Brokered Markets

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers and Richard Lowery
      High commissions in the U.S. residential real estate agency market present a puzzle for economic theory because brokerage is not a concentrated industry. We model brokered markets as a game in which agents post prices for customers and then choose which other agents to... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate Agents; Real Estate; Realtors; Broker Networks; Brokerage; Brokerage Commissions; "Brokerage Industry; Brokered Markets; Brokering; Brokers; Industrial Organization; Repeated Game Framework; "Repeated Games"; Collusion; Antitrust; Microeconomics; Market Design; Theory; Game Theory; Real Estate Industry
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, and Richard Lowery. "Collusion in Brokered Markets." Journal of Finance 80, no. 3 (June 2025): 1417–1462.
      • May 2025
      • Case

      Fidji Simo: Growing the Pie at Instacart

      By: Hubert Joly, Leonard A. Schlesinger and James Barnett
      In January 2025, Instacart CEO Fidji Simo considers strategies for continuing to grow Instacart from a grocery delivery platform to a holistic grocery technology company, including in-store grocery technology and expanding partnerships across the grocery sector. View Details
      Keywords: Change; Change Management; Transformation; Customers; Food; Growth and Development; Health; Labor; Working Conditions; Leadership; Leading Change; Management; Operations; Ownership; Going Public; Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Canada
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      Joly, Hubert, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and James Barnett. "Fidji Simo: Growing the Pie at Instacart." Harvard Business School Case 325-052, May 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Case

      Giving Up on a Passion: Elizabeth Rowe at the Boston Symphony Orchestra

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and Alexis Lefort
      For 20 years, Elizabeth Rowe was a world-renowned principal flutist with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. But in 2024, Rowe decided to leave her position to pursue a new full-time career as a leadership coach. At 50, Rowe was well under the typical retirement age, and,... View Details
      Keywords: Arts; Small Business; Social Media; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Learning; Music Entertainment; Values and Beliefs; Creativity; Happiness; Identity; Interests; Satisfaction; Motivation and Incentives; Prejudice and Bias; Reputation; Culture; Resignation and Termination; Personal Development and Career; Consulting Industry; Fine Arts Industry; Music Industry; United States
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and Alexis Lefort. "Giving Up on a Passion: Elizabeth Rowe at the Boston Symphony Orchestra." Harvard Business School Case 425-037, April 2025.
      • April 8, 2025
      • Article

      Creating Workplaces Free of Forever Chemicals

      By: Joseph G. Allen, Heather A. Henrikson and Michael W. Toffel
      Forever chemicals are toxic and widely used in buildings and yet they remain on the rise globally with little regulation to control them. In the United States, for example, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations currently cover only forever chemicals in... View Details
      Keywords: Occupational Health; Safety Regulations; Regulation; Working Conditions; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Safety; Health
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      Allen, Joseph G., Heather A. Henrikson, and Michael W. Toffel. "Creating Workplaces Free of Forever Chemicals." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 8, 2025).
      • March 2025 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      ING Türkiye: Flexible Work in a Competitive Banking Environment

      By: Ashley Whillans and Nico Schaefer
      This case explores ING Türkiye’s journey toward workplace flexibility within the traditionally conservative Turkish banking sector. Beginning with early remote work experiments in 2015 and culminating in the FlexING model, by 2024 ING Türkiye had positioned itself as a... View Details
      Keywords: Talent and Talent Management; Employee Relationship Management; Working Conditions; Business or Company Management; Adaptation; Competition; Organizational Culture; Banking Industry; Turkey
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      Whillans, Ashley, and Nico Schaefer. "ING Türkiye: Flexible Work in a Competitive Banking Environment." Harvard Business School Case 925-027, March 2025. (Revised May 2025.)
      • December 2024 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Strategy and CEO Succession at Starbucks

      By: Krishna G. Palepu and David Lane
      On August 13, 2024, Starbucks announced that Laxman Narasimhan who was appointed as the CEO only in September 2023, was stepping down as CEO and board director “with immediate effect.” Laxman would be replaced on September 9 by Brian Niccol, CEO since 2018 of Chipotle... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Corporate Governance; Leadership; Management Succession; Cost Management; Labor Unions; Working Conditions; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Service Operations; Investment Activism; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resignation and Termination; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Palepu, Krishna G., and David Lane. "Strategy and CEO Succession at Starbucks." Harvard Business School Case 125-040, December 2024. (Revised March 2025.)
      • December 2024
      • Article

      Human Bias in the Oversight of Firms: Evidence from Workplace Safety Violations

      By: Jonas Heese, Gerardo Pérez Cavazos and Andreya Pérez Silva
      We study the effects of mood as a source of human bias on regulators’ oversight and enforcement decisions. We use weather at facilities at the time of an OSHA inspection to proxy for the OSHA compliance officers’ mood. We find that during periods of good mood due to... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Happiness; Working Conditions; Safety
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      Heese, Jonas, Gerardo Pérez Cavazos, and Andreya Pérez Silva. "Human Bias in the Oversight of Firms: Evidence from Workplace Safety Violations." Review of Accounting Studies 29, no. 4 (December 2024): 3413–3448.
      • 2024
      • Article

      The Sociology of Entrepreneurship Revisited

      By: Tristan Botelho, Ranjay Gulati and Olav Sorensen
      Over the last two decades, the sociology of entrepreneurship has exploded as an area of academic inquiry. Most of this research has been focused on understanding the environmental conditions that promote entrepreneurship and processes related to the initial formation... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Entrepreneurship; Business Ventures
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      Botelho, Tristan, Ranjay Gulati, and Olav Sorensen. "The Sociology of Entrepreneurship Revisited." Annual Review of Sociology 50 (2024): 341–364.
      • May 14, 2024
      • Article

      One Way to Help Employees Build Emergency Savings

      By: Timothy Flacke and Peter Tufano
      Intentional cooperation between two organizations — BlackRock, a major asset management firm, and national non-profit, Commonwealth — created the conditions for the nation’s largest payroll processor, multiple U.S. employers, retirement record keepers, and others to... View Details
      Keywords: Saving; Personal Finance; Income; Nonprofit Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Partners and Partnerships
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      Flacke, Timothy, and Peter Tufano. "One Way to Help Employees Build Emergency Savings." Harvard Business Review (website) (May 14, 2024).
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Human-Computer Interactions in Demand Forecasting and Labor Scheduling Decisions

      By: Caleb Kwon, Ananth Raman and Jorge Tamayo
      We investigate whether corporate officers should grant managers discretion to override AI-driven demand forecasts and labor scheduling tools. Analyzing five years of administrative data from a large grocery retailer using such an AI tool, encompassing over 500 stores,... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Forecasting and Prediction; Working Conditions; Performance Productivity
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      Kwon, Caleb, Ananth Raman, and Jorge Tamayo. "Human-Computer Interactions in Demand Forecasting and Labor Scheduling Decisions." Working Paper, April 2024.
      • April 2024
      • Case

      Cyrus: Turning a Traditional Business Model on Its Head (A)

      By: James Heskett
      The loss of the lease at their Michelin-starred Cyrus 1.0 in Sonoma County, California gives the partners an opportunity to shut down and rework a “broken” business model, one with labor intensive experiences six or seven nights a week, high burnout, high... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Retention; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leasing; Work-Life Balance; Strategic Planning; Loss; Profit; Working Conditions; California
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      Heskett, James. "Cyrus: Turning a Traditional Business Model on Its Head (A)." Harvard Business School Case 924-303, April 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Article

      Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard

      By: Kala Viswanathan, Matthew S. Johnson and Michael W. Toffel
      Problem definition: Given the enormous disruptions and costs of occupational injuries, companies and buyers are increasingly looking to voluntary occupational health and safety standards to improve worker safety. Yet because these standards only require... View Details
      Keywords: Occupational Health; Occupational Safety; Program Evaluation; Safety Performance; Injuries; OHSAS 18001; ISO 45001; Working Conditions; Safety; Standards
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      Viswanathan, Kala, Matthew S. Johnson, and Michael W. Toffel. "Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard." Art. 106383. Safety Science 171 (March 2024).
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Warnings and Endorsements: Improving Human-AI Collaboration in the Presence of Outliers

      By: Matthew DosSantos DiSorbo, Kris Ferreira, Maya Balakrishnan and Jordan Tong
      Problem definition: While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms may perform well on data that are representative of the training set (inliers), they may err when extrapolating on non-representative data (outliers). How can humans and algorithms work together to make... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      DosSantos DiSorbo, Matthew, Kris Ferreira, Maya Balakrishnan, and Jordan Tong. "Warnings and Endorsements: Improving Human-AI Collaboration in the Presence of Outliers." Working Paper, May 2025.
      • November 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      BiomX: Bringing Phage Back to the Stage

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Elie Ofek, Orna Dan and Emilie Billaud
      In the spring of 2023, and following the favorable results of a trial involving its phage cocktail for treating lung infections among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the leadership of BiomX had several critical issues to wrestle with. First, given its precarious... View Details
      Keywords: Working Capital; Financing and Loans; Health Testing and Trials; Product Development; Research and Development; Science-Based Business; Commercialization; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Gompers, Paul A., Elie Ofek, Orna Dan, and Emilie Billaud. "BiomX: Bringing Phage Back to the Stage." Harvard Business School Case 524-051, November 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • November 2023
      • Case

      UST's Adoption of Open Talent

      By: Christopher Stanton and Kristen Senz
      This case details the 2020 launch and subsequent scaling of UST’s Open Talent initiative, a program to integrate freelancers from digital platforms into its workforce. The case highlights how the shifting post-pandemic world, including layoffs, wage inflation, and... View Details
      Keywords: Talent and Talent Management; Employment; Working Conditions; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Stanton, Christopher, and Kristen Senz. "UST's Adoption of Open Talent." Harvard Business School Case 824-117, November 2023.
      • October 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Timnit Gebru: 'SILENCED No More' on AI Bias and The Harms of Large Language Models

      By: Tsedal Neeley and Tim Englehart
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 422-085. Dr. Timnit Gebru—a leading artificial intelligence (AI) computer scientist and co-lead of Google’s Ethical AI team—was messaging with one of her colleagues when she saw the words: “Did you resign?? Megan sent an email saying that... View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Employment; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Technological Innovation; AI and Machine Learning; Diversity; Prejudice and Bias; Technology Industry
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      Neeley, Tsedal, and Tim Englehart. "Timnit Gebru: 'SILENCED No More' on AI Bias and The Harms of Large Language Models." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 424-028, October 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Real Effects of Fair Workweek Laws on Work Schedules: Evidence from Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia

      By: Caleb Kwon and Ananth Raman
      Effective in eight jurisdictions and banned in four, Fair Workweek Laws (FWL) aim to increase the predictability and stability of work schedules. Among other requirements, these laws penalize employers for unilaterally adjusting work schedules without providing some... View Details
      Keywords: Working Conditions; Employees; Outcome or Result; Los Angeles; Chicago; Philadelphia
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      Kwon, Caleb, and Ananth Raman. "The Real Effects of Fair Workweek Laws on Work Schedules: Evidence from Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia." Working Paper, October 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Technical Note

      Work Arrangements in the Post-Pandemic World

      By: Leslie A. Perlow and Salvatore J. Affinito
      Whether you are choosing your job based on geographic location, work arrangements (i.e., fully in-person, hybrid, fully virtual), or other unrelated factors (e.g., career, family, partner, hobbies), in the post-pandemic world you will likely be surrounded by people... View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Work; Remote Work; Working Conditions; Geographic Location
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      Perlow, Leslie A., and Salvatore J. Affinito. "Work Arrangements in the Post-Pandemic World." Harvard Business School Technical Note 424-022, September 2023.
      • August 2023
      • Case

      Stay or Go? Sarah Reynolds at Kensington Partners

      By: David G. Fubini, Amr Seifeldin and Patrick Sanguineti
      Sarah Reynolds, a Partner at the global Kensington Partners strategy consulting firm, has headed the firm's Telecommunications Group for a few years. Thanks to her stellar track record with clients, she has brought the group, and herself, a range of accolades and... View Details
      Keywords: Consulting; Consulting Firms; Client Service; Career Management; Success; Time Management; Decision Choices and Conditions; Personal Development and Career
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      Fubini, David G., Amr Seifeldin, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Stay or Go? Sarah Reynolds at Kensington Partners." Harvard Business School Case 424-020, August 2023.
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