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  • All HBS Web  (47)
    • News  (12)
    • Research  (26)
  • Faculty Publications  (14)

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  • All HBS Web  (47)
    • News  (12)
    • Research  (26)
  • Faculty Publications  (14)
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  • 2016
  • Chapter

User-Generated Content and Social Media

By: Michael Luca
This paper documents what economists have learned about user-generated content (UGC) and social media. A growing body of evidence suggests that UGC on platforms ranging from Yelp to Facebook has a large causal impact on economic and social outcomes ranging from... View Details
Keywords: User-generated Content; Crowdsourcing; Design Economics; Internet and the Web; Marketing; Economics; Media; Social Media
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Luca, Michael. "User-Generated Content and Social Media." Chap. 12 in Handbook of Media Economics. Vol. 1B, edited by Simon Anderson, Joel Waldfogel, and David Strömberg. North-Holland Publishing Company, 2016.
  • Research Summary

Social media and user-generated content

In this project, Professor Piskorski, jointly with Andreea Gorbatai, examines inherent trade-offs in provision of user-generated content, using Wikipedia as a research setting. In Wikipedia, every user has the right to add material to an article, but with no... View Details

  • May–June 2021
  • Article

Capturing Value in Platform Business Models that Rely on User-Generated Content

By: Hemang Subramanian, Sabyasachi Mitra and Sam Ransbotham
Business models increasingly depend on inputs from outside traditional organizational boundaries. For example, platforms that generate revenue from advertising, subscription, or referral fees often rely on user-generated content (UGC). But there is considerable... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Network Effects; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Risk and Uncertainty
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Subramanian, Hemang, Sabyasachi Mitra, and Sam Ransbotham. "Capturing Value in Platform Business Models that Rely on User-Generated Content." Organization Science 32, no. 3 (May–June 2021): 804–823.
  • October 2013
  • Article

Ad Revenue and Content Commercialization: Evidence from Blogs

By: Monic Sun and Feng Zhu
Many scholars argue that when incentivized by ad revenue, content providers are more likely to tailor their content to attract "eyeballs," and as a result, popular content may be excessively supplied. We empirically test this prediction by taking advantage of the... View Details
Keywords: Ad-sponsored Business Models; Media Content; Blog; Revenue Sharing; User-generated Content; Platform-based Markets; Blogs; Business Model; Digital Platforms; Commercialization; Digital Marketing
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Sun, Monic, and Feng Zhu. "Ad Revenue and Content Commercialization: Evidence from Blogs." Management Science 59, no. 10 (October 2013): 2314–2331.
  • Article

Crowdsourcing City Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy

By: Edward Glaeser, Andrew Hillis, Scott Duke Kominers and Michael Luca
The proliferation of big data makes it possible to better target city services like hygiene inspections, but city governments rarely have the in-house talent needed for developing prediction algorithms. Cities could hire consultants, but a cheaper alternative is to... View Details
Keywords: User-generated Content; Operations; Tournaments; Policy-making; Machine Learning; Online Platforms; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods; City; Infrastructure; Business Processes; Government and Politics
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Glaeser, Edward, Andrew Hillis, Scott Duke Kominers, and Michael Luca. "Crowdsourcing City Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy." American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 106, no. 5 (May 2016): 114–118.
  • November 2021
  • Article

Ratings, Reviews, and the Marketing of New Products

By: Itay P. Fainmesser, Dominique Olié Lauga and Elie Ofek
We study how user-generated content (UGC) about new products impacts a firm's advertising and pricing decisions and the effect on profits and market dynamics. We construct a two-period model where consumers value quality and are heterogeneous in their taste for the new... View Details
Keywords: Online Reviews; Product Ratings; Social Networks; Word Of Mouth; Pricing; User-generated Content; Advertising; Product Marketing; Price; Consumer Behavior; Product Positioning; Social Media
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Fainmesser, Itay P., Dominique Olié Lauga, and Elie Ofek. "Ratings, Reviews, and the Marketing of New Products." Management Science 67, no. 11 (November 2021): 7023–7045.
  • 31 Mar 2014
  • Research & Ideas

Encouraging Niche Content in an Ad-Driven World

As the quantity of online content continues to proliferate—from cute cat videos to policy experts blogging on the Middle East—the consumer's expectation that online content should be free becomes more... View Details
Keywords: by Julia Hanna; Information; Publishing; Journalism & News
  • May 2009 (Revised July 2011)
  • Case

Daqi

By: Robert C. Pozen, Richard Franklyn Armbrust and Ziquan Zhang
In 2008, Daqi was one of the largest Internet portals for user-generated content and the leading word-of-mouth marketing provider in China. Grace Zhou, Daqi's CEO, was contemplating the risks and benefits of expanding Daqi's services into three new content areas—news,... View Details
Keywords: Information Publishing; Growth and Development Strategy; Risk Management; Marketing; Business and Government Relations; Expansion; Internet; Information Industry; China
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Pozen, Robert C., Richard Franklyn Armbrust, and Ziquan Zhang. "Daqi." Harvard Business School Case 309-113, May 2009. (Revised July 2011.)
  • December 2009 (Revised December 2012)
  • Case

Sony and the JK Wedding Dance

By: John Deighton and Leora Kornfeld
Executives at Sony Music Entertainment faced a dilemma: a user-generated video featuring controversial artist Chris Brown's music was netting millions of views per week on YouTube. Sony held the copyright to the song, and was entitled to issue a takedown notice to the... View Details
Keywords: Music Entertainment; Copyright; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Network Effects; Social and Collaborative Networks; Internet; Music Industry
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Deighton, John, and Leora Kornfeld. "Sony and the JK Wedding Dance." Harvard Business School Case 510-064, December 2009. (Revised December 2012.) (request a courtesy copy.)
  • January 2014 (Revised February 2015)
  • Case

YouTube for Brands

By: Thales Teixeira and Leora Kornfeld
This case examines the changes employed by YouTube to make the massively popular site more attractive to brands. Building from its base of amateur, user-generated content, YouTube had turned to experimenting with professionally-made content and organizing its videos... View Details
Keywords: Marketing; Internet and the Web; Decision Choices and Conditions; Digital Marketing; Brands and Branding; Advertising Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry
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Teixeira, Thales, and Leora Kornfeld. "YouTube for Brands." Harvard Business School Case 514-048, January 2014. (Revised February 2015.)
  • July 2025
  • Article

Reputation Burning: Analyzing the Impact of Brand Sponsorship on Social Influencers

By: Mengjie Cheng and Shunyuan Zhang
The growth of the influencer marketing industry warrants an empirical examination of the effect of posting sponsored videos on influencers' reputations. We collected a novel dataset of user-generated YouTube videos created by prominent English-speaking influencers in... View Details
Keywords: Reputation; Mathematical Methods; Marketing Reference Programs; Social Media; Brands and Branding
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Cheng, Mengjie, and Shunyuan Zhang. "Reputation Burning: Analyzing the Impact of Brand Sponsorship on Social Influencers." Management Science 71, no. 7 (July 2025): 5910–5932.
  • 2007
  • Working Paper

Digital Interactivity: Unanticipated Consequences for Markets, Marketing, and Consumers

By: John A. Deighton and Leora Kornfeld
The digital interactive transformation in marketing is not unfolding, as many thought it would, on the model of direct marketing. That model anticipated that digital media using rich profiling data would intrude marketing messaging more deeply and more precisely into... View Details
Keywords: Communication Intention and Meaning; Interactive Communication; Marketing Communications; Consumer Behavior; Social and Collaborative Networks; Internet and the Web
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Deighton, John A., and Leora Kornfeld. "Digital Interactivity: Unanticipated Consequences for Markets, Marketing, and Consumers." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-017, September 2007.
  • 16 Nov 2010
  • First Look

First Look: November 16, 2010

advertisers? Describes the online video market as of 2010 as well as YouTube's offerings to users, content owners, and advertisers. Provides information on the site's revenues and costs. Also contains detailed data on online video users... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • 14 Dec 2010
  • First Look

First Look: Dec. 14

violations. Despite ubiquitous scholarly references to Coleman's theory, little empirical work has directly tested it in large-scale natural settings with longitudinal data. We undertake such a test using records of norm violations during the editing process on... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • 10 Aug 2010
  • First Look

First Look: August 10

user-generated video featuring controversial artist Chris Brown's music was netting millions of views per week on YouTube. Sony held the copyright to the song and was entitled to issue a takedown notice to the party that uploaded the... View Details
Keywords: Martha Lagace
  • 08 Aug 2022
  • HBS Case

Building an 'ARMY' of Fans: Marketing Lessons from K-Pop Sensation BTS

user-generated videos, cover dances, and remixes. Video: BTS teamed with American singer Halsey for their 2019 single "Boy with Luv." The song's video was viewed 75 million times on YouTube within 24 hours of its release. The ARMY flooded... View Details
Keywords: by Shalene Gupta; Media & Broadcasting; Music
  • 15 Nov 2022
  • Op-Ed

Why TikTok Is Beating YouTube for Eyeball Time (It’s Not Just the Dance Videos)

users and also spreads its content by algorithm. YouTube mainstreamed user-generated content, which had a vibe so different from television that the measurement services did not count YouTube as TV. Although... View Details
Keywords: by John Deighton and Leora Kornfeld
  • 27 Sep 2011
  • First Look

First Look: September 27

the boundaries of organizations. Though experience and productivity improvement may be seen as key benefits of this trend, little is known about how this shift toward outsourcing influences learning. When producing a unit of output, the View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • 06 Oct 2009
  • First Look

First Look: October 6

http://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cb/web/product_detail.seam?R=710410-PDF-ENG&conversationId=264137&E=1234203 Daqi Harvard Business School Case 309-113 In 2008, Daqi was one of the largest Internet portals for user-generated View Details
Keywords: Martha Lagace
  • 27 Jul 2019
  • Op-Ed

Does Facebook's Business Model Threaten Our Elections?

well-grooved process to deal with copyright and trademarked content that could be applied to user-generated content, where you would give notice, require a timely response, and pursue legal means if... View Details
Keywords: by George Riedel
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