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    • All HBS Web  (583)
      • Faculty Publications  (35)

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      • September 2024
      • Background Note

      Copyright and Fair Use

      By: David B. Yoffie
      The U.S. Copyright Office defines a copyright as “a type of intellectual property that protects original works of authorship as soon as an author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression.” Two core principles of copyright are originality and fixation. A work is... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Copyright; Lawsuits and Litigation; United States
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      Yoffie, David B. "Copyright and Fair Use." Harvard Business School Background Note 725-394, September 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      AGENTS.inc: Pathways to Growth at an AI Startup

      By: Frank Nagle, Manuel Hoffmann, Karoline Ströhlein and Susan Pinckney
      The case describes the history of AGENTS.inc. Despite being a small startup, with only four employees, that had never had a funding round, the company boasted an impressive client portfolio including multiple Fortune 500 companies. While AGENTS.inc had been an early... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Startups; Small Business; Transformation; Customer Focus and Relationships; Decisions; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Financial Strategy; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Platforms; Technological Innovation; Copyright; Management; Growth and Development; Market Timing; Ownership; Risk and Uncertainty; Competition; Open Source Distribution; Entrepreneurial Finance; Computer Industry; Europe; Germany
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      Nagle, Frank, Manuel Hoffmann, Karoline Ströhlein, and Susan Pinckney. "AGENTS.inc: Pathways to Growth at an AI Startup." Harvard Business School Case 724-444, February 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • January 2024 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      School of Rock: Tuning into Structured Empowerment (A)

      By: Tatiana Sandino, Jeffrey Rayport, Samuel Grad and Stacy Straaberg
      In summer 2021, School of Rock was a youth-oriented music education company with 291 franchise- and company-owned schools globally. Before CEO Rob Price’s hire in 2017, School of Rock’s nonconformist rock ‘n’ roll culture led to variability in teaching styles,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Plan; Change Management; Transformation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Curriculum and Courses; Teaching; Employee Relationship Management; Knowledge Sharing; Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Management Style; Marketing Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Franchise Ownership; Performance Expectations; Performance Improvement; Strategic Planning; Attitudes; Conflict Management; Corporate Strategy; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Education Industry; Music Industry; Massachusetts; United States
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      Sandino, Tatiana, Jeffrey Rayport, Samuel Grad, and Stacy Straaberg. "School of Rock: Tuning into Structured Empowerment (A)." Harvard Business School Case 124-043, January 2024. (Revised June 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Black-box Training Data Identification in GANs via Detector Networks

      By: Lukman Olagoke, Salil Vadhan and Seth Neel
      Since their inception Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been popular generative models across images, audio, video, and tabular data. In this paper we study whether given access to a trained GAN, as well as fresh samples from the underlying distribution, if... View Details
      Keywords: Cybersecurity; Copyright; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science
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      Olagoke, Lukman, Salil Vadhan, and Seth Neel. "Black-box Training Data Identification in GANs via Detector Networks." Working Paper, October 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      In-Context Unlearning: Language Models as Few Shot Unlearners

      By: Martin Pawelczyk, Seth Neel and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      Machine unlearning, the study of efficiently removing the impact of specific training points on the trained model, has garnered increased attention of late, driven by the need to comply with privacy regulations like the Right to be Forgotten. Although unlearning is... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Copyright; Information
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      Pawelczyk, Martin, Seth Neel, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "In-Context Unlearning: Language Models as Few Shot Unlearners." Working Paper, October 2023.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Before Plagiarism: Lawyers and Copynorms in Europe, 1300–1600

      By: Robert Fredona and Sophus A. Reinert
      This essay uses the concept of 'copynorms', social norms about copying expressive works that can be distinct from legal norms about the same, in order to understand the meaning of intellectual property among Roman law and canon law jurists from the fourteenth through... View Details
      Keywords: Copyright; History; Europe
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      Fredona, Robert, and Sophus A. Reinert. "Before Plagiarism: Lawyers and Copynorms in Europe, 1300–1600." Rivista storica italiana 134, no. 3 (2022): 714–765.
      • August 3, 2022
      • Article

      Why NFT Creators Are Going cc0

      By: and Scott Duke Kominers Flashrekt
      Strategies for building brands, communities, and content through intellectual property (IP) vary greatly across NFT projects. Some maintain more or less standard IP protections; others give just NFT owners rights to innovate upon the associated intellectual property;... View Details
      Keywords: Non-fungible Tokens; NFTs; Video Games; Merchandising; Creative Commons; Intellectual Property
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      Flashrekt, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Why NFT Creators Are Going cc0." a16zcrypto.com (August 3, 2022).
      • October 2021
      • Case

      (180) Days of Quibi

      By: David J. Collis and Terrence Shu
      Mobile streaming app Quibi was ready to take the entertainment world by storm at its April 2020 launch. Backed by $1.75 billion, influential investors from Hollywood to Wall Street eagerly anticipated early success for this brainchild of Meg Whitman, former CEO of... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Strategy; Business Model; Business Startups; Mobile Technology
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      Collis, David J., and Terrence Shu. "(180) Days of Quibi." Harvard Business School Case 722-377, October 2021.
      • May 2021
      • Case

      Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham

      By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman and Olivia Hull
      Massachusetts General Brigham (MGB) Chief Innovation Officer Christopher Coburn had overseen a period of exciting transformation and growth in healthcare innovation at MGB. In November 2019, the health system was the largest recipient of National Institutes of Health... View Details
      Keywords: Inclusion; Innovation; Invention; Gender; Business Startups; Investment Funds; Private Equity; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Intellectual Property; Copyright; Patents; Research; Research and Development; Diversification; Technology; Health Industry; Massachusetts; Boston
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      Coffman, Katherine Baldiga, and Olivia Hull. "Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham." Harvard Business School Case 921-006, May 2021.
      • August 2018 (Revised April 2023)
      • Case

      Facebook—Can Ethics Scale in the Digital Age?

      By: George A. Riedel and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      Since its founding in 2004, Facebook has built a phenomenally successful business at global scale to become the fifth most valuable public company in the world. The revelation of Cambridge Analytica events in March 2018, where 78 million users' information was leaked... View Details
      Keywords: Facebook; Ethics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Trust; Business Model; Corporate Accountability; Social Media
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      Riedel, George A., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Facebook—Can Ethics Scale in the Digital Age?" Harvard Business School Case 319-030, August 2018. (Revised April 2023.)
      • July 2018
      • Case

      Financing Anghami's Growth

      By: Ramana Nanda and Eren Kuzucu
      In December 2012, less than two years into the founding of their music-streaming platform Anghami, cofounders Elie Habib and Eddy Maroun found themselves evaluating an unorthodox term sheet. Habib and Maroun needed to make a decision vis-à-vis the proposal put forth by... View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Startups; Copyright; Business Startups; Business Model; Music Entertainment; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Venture Capital; Internet and the Web; Growth and Development Strategy; Financial Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Development; Expansion; Digital Platforms; Agreements and Arrangements; Valuation; Decision Making; Middle East; Lebanon
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      Nanda, Ramana, and Eren Kuzucu. "Financing Anghami's Growth." Harvard Business School Case 819-033, July 2018.
      • January 2018 (Revised February 2023)
      • Teaching Note

      The Future of Patent Examination at the USPTO

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
      This teaching note pairs with the case entitled: “The Future of Patent Examination at the USPTO” (case no. 617-027). View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Telework; Collaborating With Unions; Recruitment; Intellectual Property; Copyright; Patents; Trademarks; Knowledge Sharing; Technology Adoption; District of Columbia
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj. "The Future of Patent Examination at the USPTO." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 618-035, January 2018. (Revised February 2023.)
      • July 2017
      • Article

      Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Ownership, and Innovation: Evidence from China

      By: Lily Fang, Josh Lerner and Chaopeng Wu
      Using a difference-in-difference approach, we study how intellectual property right (IPR) protection affects innovation in China in the years around the privatizations of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Innovation increases after SOE privatizations, and this increase... View Details
      Keywords: Patents; Privatization; State Ownership; Trademarks; Copyright; Innovation and Invention; China
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      Fang, Lily, Josh Lerner, and Chaopeng Wu. "Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Ownership, and Innovation: Evidence from China." Review of Financial Studies 30, no. 7 (July 2017): 2446–2477.
      • April 2017
      • Case

      The Future of Patent Examination at the USPTO

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Tarun Khanna and Sarah Mehta
      The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is the federal government agency responsible for evaluating and granting patents and trademarks. In 2015, the USPTO employed approximately 8,000 patent examiners who granted nearly 300,000 patents to inventors. As of April... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Telework; Collaborating With Unions; Human Resources; Recruitment; Retention; Intellectual Property; Copyright; Patents; Trademarks; Knowledge Sharing; Technology Adoption; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance Productivity; Performance Improvement; District of Columbia
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Tarun Khanna, and Sarah Mehta. "The Future of Patent Examination at the USPTO." Harvard Business School Case 617-027, April 2017.
      • December 2016
      • Article

      The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales, Revisited

      By: Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Koleman Strumpf
      Even as we approach the twentieth anniversary of widespread file sharing, its impact on the sale of copyrighted material remains in dispute. We contributed to this debate with an early study, “The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis,” that was... View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Copyright; Sales; Retail Industry; Music Industry
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      Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Koleman Strumpf. "The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales, Revisited." Information Economics and Policy 37 (December 2016): 61–66.
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Ownership, and Innovation: Evidence from China

      By: Lily Fang, Josh Lerner and Chaopeng Wu
      Using a difference-in-difference approach, we study how intellectual property right (IPR) protection affects innovation in China in the years around the privatizations of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Innovation increases after SOE privatizations, and this increase... View Details
      Keywords: Privatization; Copyright; Innovation and Invention; China
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      Fang, Lily, Josh Lerner, and Chaopeng Wu. "Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Ownership, and Innovation: Evidence from China." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 22685, September 2016.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Lost in the Clouds: The Impact of Changing Property Rights on Investment in Cloud Computing Ventures

      By: Josh Lerner and Greg Rafert
      Our analysis seeks to understand the impact of changing allocations of property rights on investment in new firms. We focus on the Cartoon Network, et al. v. Cablevision decision in the U.S., which narrowed the protection enjoyed by content creators (e.g., movie... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Venture Capital; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Investment; Copyright
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      Lerner, Josh, and Greg Rafert. "Lost in the Clouds: The Impact of Changing Property Rights on Investment in Cloud Computing Ventures." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-082, April 2015.
      • May 2014 (Revised June 2014)
      • Case

      Intellectual Property Strategy at North Technology Group—Sailing Downwind

      By: Felix Oberholzer-Gee and William W. Fisher III
      North Sails is the world's leading sailmaker. The company commands a global market share of more than 50% and is largely responsible for the rapid technological progress in the sailmaking industry over the past 30 years. CEO Tom Whidden needs to consider how to best... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Information Technology; Competitive Advantage; Intellectual Property
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      Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and William W. Fisher III. "Intellectual Property Strategy at North Technology Group—Sailing Downwind." Harvard Business School Case 714-403, May 2014. (Revised June 2014.)
      • February 2014 (Revised August 2014)
      • Case

      3D Systems

      By: Karim R. Lakhani and David Lane
      In late 2013, Rajeev Kulkarni needed to decide how best to facilitate the emergence of a broad base of users and content to promote the sale of 3D Systems' consumer-focused 3D printers. As yet, neither the company nor users had identified an indispensable application... View Details
      Keywords: 3D Printing; Business Ecosystems; 3D Systems; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Copyright; Two-Sided Platforms; Product Development; Customization and Personalization; Manufacturing Industry
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      Lakhani, Karim R., and David Lane. "3D Systems." Harvard Business School Case 614-035, February 2014. (Revised August 2014.)
      • February 2013
      • Article

      Digitization, Innovation, and Copyright: What Is the Agenda?

      By: Shane Greenstein, Josh Lerner and Scott Stern
      This essay discusses the need for research on the consequences of digitization, as well as the impact of alternative policies governing the creation and use of digital information. This agenda focuses on the development of research to investigate the economics of... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Research; Copyright; Information Management; Innovation and Invention
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      Greenstein, Shane, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern. "Digitization, Innovation, and Copyright: What Is the Agenda?" Strategic Organization 11, no. 1 (February 2013): 110–121.
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