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- News (30)
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- December 2018 (Revised April 2020)
- Case
Fluidity: The Tokenization of Real Estate Assets
By: Marco Di Maggio, David Lane and Susie Ma
In December 2018, the blockchain startup Fluidity was about to participate in its first tokenization deal, which would create digital access to property rights in a 12-unit Manhattan condominium complex. The deal was proof-of-concept for Fluidity, which hoped to... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Tokenization; Data Security; Revenue Model; Finance; Technological Innovation; Strategy
Di Maggio, Marco, David Lane, and Susie Ma. "Fluidity: The Tokenization of Real Estate Assets." Harvard Business School Case 219-057, December 2018. (Revised April 2020.)
- 09 Jul 2024
- Cold Call Podcast
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Brand Building
- April 2008
- Journal Article
Heart of Darkness: Business Tokens of the Congo (Part 1)
By: Louis T. Wells
Few numismatic fields are as unexplored as the tokens of what was once the Belgian Congo. Although the head (and “extra-wife”) tokens have been thoroughly cataloged, I have found only one very early and incomplete attempt, by Mahieu in the 1920s, to report other tokens... View Details
- September 2020 (Revised March 2022)
- Teaching Note
Fluidity: The Tokenization of Real Estate Assets
By: Marco Di Maggio and Susie L. Ma
Teaching Note for HBS No. 219-057 View Details
- 2025
- Working Paper
Is Love Blind? AI-Powered Trading with Emotional Dividends
By: De-Rong Kong and Daniel Rabetti
We leverage the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) setting to assess the valuation of emotional dividends (LOVE), a long-standing empirical challenge in private-value markets such as art, antiques, and collectibles. Having created and validated our proxy, we use deep learning... View Details
Kong, De-Rong, and Daniel Rabetti. "Is Love Blind? AI-Powered Trading with Emotional Dividends." Working Paper, February 2025.
- March 1977
- Article
Some Effects on Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women
By: R. M. Kanter
Kanter, R. M. "Some Effects on Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women." American Journal of Sociology 82 (March 1977): 965–90. (Reprintings include: Representative Bureaucracy, edited by J. Dolan and D. Rosenbloom. M.E. Sharpe, 2002; Readings in Sociology, edited by R. Curtis. Kendall-Hunt Publishing, 1988; Women and Symbolic Interaction, edited by M.J. Deegan and M. Hill. N.Y.: Allen Unwin, 1986; The Gender Gap and Psychotherapy, edited by E. Carmen and P. Ricker. N.Y.: Plenum, 1984; The Substance of Social Deviance, edited by R.A. Farrell and V.L. Swigert. Alfred Publishing, 1978; Sociological Inventory, Vol. 1, 1979; Reader in Complex Organizations, edited by A. Etzioni and E.W. Lehman. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1980; Sociology: Contemporary Introductory Readings, edited by J. And A. Stimson. Ithaca, N.Y.: Peacock, 1983.)
- February 9, 2024
- Article
The Rise of Consumer Crypto
By: Steve Kaczynski and Scott Duke Kominers
Although non-fungible tokens are often misunderstood and even derided, they remain a general and flexible solution for establishing and tracking ownership in the digital domain. As a superior solution to existing technology in many areas of the consumer economy, their... View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Crypto Economy; NFTs; Non-fungible Tokens; Internet Of Everything; Market Design; Technological Innovation; Demand and Consumers; Web Services Industry
Kaczynski, Steve, and Scott Duke Kominers. "The Rise of Consumer Crypto." Project Syndicate (February 9, 2024).
- February 21, 2024
- Article
The NFT Staircase: How Digital Ownership Benefits Brands and Consumers
By: Scott Duke Kominers and Steve Kaczynski
One of our goals with our new book, The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create, is to unlock the power of nonfungible tokens, or NFTs, for business. National and international brands are already using NFTs in some of... View Details
Keywords: Non-fungible Tokens; NFTs; Brand; Brand Building; Digitization; Metaverse; Tokenization; Crypto Economy; Blockchain; Market Design; Brands and Branding; Value Creation
Kominers, Scott Duke, and Steve Kaczynski. "The NFT Staircase: How Digital Ownership Benefits Brands and Consumers." a16zcrypto.com (February 21, 2024).
- April 6, 2023
- Article
A New NFT Launch Strategy: The Wave Mint
By: Scott Duke Kominers and 1337 Skulls Sers
In an NFT project, the mint—the process by which tokens are initially allocated—largely determines who your community is and how they and the broader market view the project going forward. In this piece, we review a new minting strategy recently introduced by 1337... View Details
Keywords: NFTs; Mechanism Design; Sales Management; Sales Model; Crypto Economy; Non-fungible Tokens; Networks; Product Launch; Auctions; Market Design
Kominers, Scott Duke, and 1337 Skulls Sers. "A New NFT Launch Strategy: The Wave Mint." a16zcrypto.com (April 6, 2023).
- August 3, 2022
- Article
Why NFT Creators Are Going cc0
Strategies for building brands, communities, and content through intellectual property (IP) vary greatly across NFT projects. Some maintain more or less standard IP protections; others give just NFT owners rights to innovate upon the associated intellectual property;... View Details
Keywords: Non-fungible Tokens; NFTs; Video Games; Merchandising; Creative Commons; Intellectual Property
Flashrekt, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Why NFT Creators Are Going cc0." a16zcrypto.com (August 3, 2022).
- March 2024 (Revised May 2024)
- Case
Masterpiece for the Masses: The First Art Exchange ARTEX
By: Lauren Cohen, Anastasiya Siroochenko (Siro) and Sophia Pan
Yassir Benjelloun-Touimi, CEO of ARTEX, aspired to marry the world of art and finance. Hoping to promote transparent, fractionalized ownership of renowned artwork, the founder had spent years contemplating the birth of an art stock market. This exchange would allow... View Details
Keywords: Trading; Art Market; Art Fair; Tokenization; Democratization; Exchange Traded Fund; Price Monitoring; Trends And Opportunities; Financial Liquidity; Financial Markets; Arts; Financial Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Investment Return; Technological Innovation; Business Model; Trends; Stocks; Assets; Diversification; Trade; Financial Services Industry; Fine Arts Industry; Paris; France
Cohen, Lauren, Anastasiya Siroochenko (Siro), and Sophia Pan. "Masterpiece for the Masses: The First Art Exchange ARTEX." Harvard Business School Case 224-086, March 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
- September 2023
- Case
Diamond Standard
By: Lauren H. Cohen, Zhaoheng Gong and Grace Headinger
Cormac Kinney, Founder and CEO of Diamond Standard, was on a mission to transform the U.S. diamond market through unlocking the precious gems as market-traded assets. As a serial FinTech entrepreneur, he hoped to add an additional service to his vault: Carats. The... View Details
Keywords: Tokenization; Fintech; Cryptocurrency; Liquidity; Digital; Rare Earth Minerals; Decentralized; Crypto Economy; Financial Product; Metals; Diamonds; Commodity; Assets; Financial Instruments; Financial Institutions; Financial Markets; Investment; Technological Innovation; Natural Resources; Business Startups; Currency; Financial Services Industry; United States
Cohen, Lauren H., Zhaoheng Gong, and Grace Headinger. "Diamond Standard." Harvard Business School Case 224-009, September 2023.
- 23 Jan 2024
- Book
More Than Memes: NFTs Could Be the Next Gen Deed for a Digital World
Two years after non-fungible tokens (NFTs) captured the attention of artists, celebrities, and brands, debate still rages over their value. But NFTs could be poised to make a comeback in 2024, argues Scott Duke Kominers, the Sarofim-Rock... View Details
- February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
- Case
Uniswap: Fighting a Vampire Attack (A)
By: Shikhar Ghosh, Shweta Bagai and Liang Wu
This is the first of a three-case series that explores the challenges faced by Uniswap, a key player in the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector. Founded by Hayden Adams, the case traces Uniswap's rapid growth from a simple idea inspired by a Reddit post to becoming one... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Crypto Economy; Community; Decentralization; Decentralized Exchange; Decentralized Finance; Open Platforms; Open-source Innovation; Market Distruption; Stablecoin; Vampire Attack; Web3; Token; Digital Platforms; Entrepreneurship; Governance; Technological Innovation; Competitive Strategy; Financial Liquidity; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; United States
Ghosh, Shikhar, Shweta Bagai, and Liang Wu. "Uniswap: Fighting a Vampire Attack (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-162, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
- March 2022 (Revised January 2023)
- Case
Bored Ape Yacht Club: Navigating the NFT World
By: Scott Duke Kominers, Das Narayandas and Kerry Herman
The case explores the rise and popularity of the Bored Ape Yacht Club non-fungible tokens (NFTs). View Details
Kominers, Scott Duke, Das Narayandas, and Kerry Herman. "Bored Ape Yacht Club: Navigating the NFT World." Harvard Business School Case 822-065, March 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
- October 2022
- Case
Single.Earth
By: Rembrand Koning and Emer Moloney
Estonian greentech company Single.Earth is launching a nature-backed token that is linked to and funds the protection of a specific plot fo land. The first landowners had been onboarded to the company's Digital Twin, a virtual representation of the planet's natural... View Details
Keywords: Alternative Assets; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Natural Resources; Pollution; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Markets; Market Timing; Strategy; Green Technology Industry; Estonia
- December 2022
- Article
Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Success and Post-ICO Performance
By: Evgeny Lyandres, Berardino Palazzo and Daniel Rabetti
We compile a comprehensive data set of initial coin offerings (ICOs) from 19 data sources including 11 ICO aggregators. We alleviate severe limitations of available ICO data by performing the first systematic analysis of ICO data quality. We use our data set to study... View Details
Lyandres, Evgeny, Berardino Palazzo, and Daniel Rabetti. "Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Success and Post-ICO Performance." Management Science 68, no. 12 (December 2022): 8658–8679.
- February 2011 (Revised November 2012)
- Case
Product Development at OPOWER
By: Thomas Eisenmann and Rob Go
OPOWER, a software startup that helps utilities engage their customers in ways that reduce energy consumption, is scaling rapidly. The company's new head of product management has designed a system to address a point of constant tension: whether to build custom... View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Customer Relationship Management; Entrepreneurship; Growth Management; Product Development; Sales; Customization and Personalization; Energy Conservation; Environmental Sustainability; Information Technology Industry; Utilities Industry
Eisenmann, Thomas, and Rob Go. "Product Development at OPOWER." Harvard Business School Case 811-075, February 2011. (Revised November 2012.)
- July 28, 2022
- Article
DAO Governance Attacks, and How to Avoid Them
By: Pranav Garimidi, Scott Duke Kominers and Tim Roughgarden
Many web3 projects embrace permissionless voting using a fungible and tradable native token. Permissionless voting can offer many benefits, from lowering barriers to entry to increasing competition. Token holders can use their tokens to vote on a range of issues—from... View Details
Keywords: Crypto Economy; Cryptocurrency; Governance; Voting; Decentralized Autonomous Organizations; Organizational Structure; Digital Platforms
Garimidi, Pranav, Scott Duke Kominers, and Tim Roughgarden. "DAO Governance Attacks, and How to Avoid Them." a16zcrypto.com (July 28, 2022).