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      • March 27, 2025
      • Article

      How One Company Used AI to Broaden Its Customer Base

      By: Sunil Gupta and Frank V. Cespedes
      The software company SAP successfully leveraged AI tools to begin selling to the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) market, which had previously been uneconomical for its in-person sales approach. By mapping the customer journey and deploying over 40 AI tools, SAP... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Sales; Business Strategy; Market Entry and Exit
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      Gupta, Sunil, and Frank V. Cespedes. "How One Company Used AI to Broaden Its Customer Base." Harvard Business Review (website) (March 27, 2025).
      • November 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?

      By: Raymond Kluender, Emanuele Colonnelli and Sabrina Howell
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 825-047. In April 2021, Brazilian cryptocurrency platform Mercado Bitcoin, had to decide how to scale: go public, M&A with a bank, or take a VC big check. In a highly volatile market, Roberto Dagnoni, chairman of the board, viewed the... View Details
      Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Decision Making; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Strategic Planning; Venture Capital; Problems and Challenges; Business Cycles; Digital Platforms; Emerging Markets; Market Timing; Expansion; Diversification; Valuation; Value Creation; Investment Funds; Initial Public Offering; Price; Price Bubble; Negotiation Offer; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Brazil; Latin America
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      Kluender, Raymond, Emanuele Colonnelli, and Sabrina Howell. "Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?" Harvard Business School Teaching Note 825-092, November 2024.
      • October 2024
      • Teaching Plan

      Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble

      By: Lou Shipley and Stacy Straaberg
      In late March 2018, Teamworks CEO Zach Maurides learned Q1 2018 sales were at risk for a large forecasting miss. Founded in 2004, Teamworks’s software application assisted support staff in messaging, scheduling, and sharing documents with collegiate and professional... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Technological Innovation; Sports; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; United States; North Carolina
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      Shipley, Lou, and Stacy Straaberg. "Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 825-003, October 2024.
      • August 2024 (Revised November 2024)
      • Case

      Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?

      By: Raymond Kluender, Emanuele Colonnelli, Sabrina T. Howell and Karina Souza
      In April 2021, Brazilian cryptocurrency platform Mercado Bitcoin had to decide how to scale: go public, M&A with a bank, or take a VC big check. In a highly volatile market, Roberto Dagnoni, chairman of the board, viewed the unprecedent crypto momentum as a window of... View Details
      Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Decision Making; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Strategic Planning; Venture Capital; Problems and Challenges; Business Cycles; Digital Platforms; Emerging Markets; Market Timing; Expansion; Diversification; Valuation; Value Creation; Investment Funds; Initial Public Offering; Price; Price Bubble; Negotiation Offer; Financial Liquidity; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Latin America; South America; Brazil; Sao Paulo; United States
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      Kluender, Raymond, Emanuele Colonnelli, Sabrina T. Howell, and Karina Souza. "Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?" Harvard Business School Case 825-047, August 2024. (Revised November 2024.)
      • July 2024
      • Case

      Jacqueline Cook at Vendasta: Debating an IPO

      By: Reza Satchu, Tom Quinn and Andrew Kosc
      In May 2021, after a surge in demand for digital services that prompted high valuations for startups across the Canadian tech sector, Saskatchewan-based Vendasta entered the final stages of the initial public offering (IPO) process. COO Jacqueline Cook had invested her... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Interpersonal Communication; Cost vs Benefits; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Entrepreneurship; Fairness; Capital Markets; Private Equity; Investment Banking; Stock Options; Financial Markets; Initial Public Offering; Institutional Investing; Price Bubble; Digital Platforms; Digital Transformation; Internet and the Web; Leadership; Growth and Development Strategy; Managerial Roles; Agreements and Arrangements; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Performance Expectations; Work-Life Balance; Strategic Planning; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Rank and Position; Risk and Uncertainty; Opportunities; Happiness; Reputation; Status and Position; Well-being; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Canada
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      Satchu, Reza, Tom Quinn, and Andrew Kosc. "Jacqueline Cook at Vendasta: Debating an IPO." Harvard Business School Case 825-037, July 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (A)

      By: N. Louis Shipley and Stacy Straaberg
      In late March 2018, Teamworks CEO Zach Maurides learned Q1 2018 sales were at risk for a large forecasting miss. Founded in 2004, Teamworks’s software application assisted support staff in messaging, scheduling, and sharing documents with collegiate and professional... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Technological Innovation; Sports; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; United States; North Carolina
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      Shipley, N. Louis, and Stacy Straaberg. "Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-057, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Supplement

      Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (B)

      By: N. Louis Shipley, Stacy Straaberg and Tom Quinn
      In late March 2018, Teamworks CEO Zach Maurides learned Q1 2018 sales were at risk for a large forecasting miss. Founded in 2004, Teamworks’s software application assisted support staff in messaging, scheduling, and sharing documents with collegiate and professional... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Technological Innovation; Sports; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Valuation; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; United States; North Carolina
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      Shipley, N. Louis, Stacy Straaberg, and Tom Quinn. "Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 824-148, March 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Module Note

      Collaborate on the Core, Compete on the Edges

      By: Frank Nagle
      In the rapidly evolving environment of modern business, the digitization of economic activity and the ubiquitous integration of technology across industries are fundamentally altering how companies develop and implement strategy. The rise of digital technologies has... View Details
      Keywords: Technology Adoption; Competition; Cooperation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Nagle, Frank. "Collaborate on the Core, Compete on the Edges." Harvard Business School Module Note 724-453, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Technical Note

      AI Product Development Lifecycle

      By: Michael Parzen, Jessie Li and Marily Nika
      In this article, we will discuss the concept of AI Products, how they are changing our daily lives, how the field of AI & Product Management is evolving, and the AI Product Development Lifecycle. View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Product Management; Product Life Cycle; Technology; AI and Machine Learning; Product Development
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      Parzen, Michael, Jessie Li, and Marily Nika. "AI Product Development Lifecycle." Harvard Business School Technical Note 624-070, February 2024.
      • April 2023 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      Apple's iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy

      By: George Serafeim
      When asked to identify an example of a circular economy business model that has generated billions in revenues for a company, ChatGPT, the famous chatbot that in 2022 rocked the world with its ability to perform a variety of tasks, immediately identified and... View Details
      Keywords: Iphone; Smartphone; Waste Management; Recycling; Innovation; Product Upgrade; Product Life Cycle; Sustainability; Climate Impact; Digital; Business Model Innovation; Climate Change; Information Technology; Business Model; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "Apple's iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy." Harvard Business School Case 123-089, April 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
      • April 18, 2023
      • Article

      The Rebirth of Software as a Service

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Jacco van der Kooij
      Traditional sales models focus on customer acquisition and the “funnel” or “pipeline” metrics that dominate talk about sales. But this approach falls short when applied to a recurring revenue business, where the customer life cycle looks more like a bowtie, not a... View Details
      Keywords: Customers; Sales; Technology Industry
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Jacco van der Kooij. "The Rebirth of Software as a Service." Harvard Business Review (website) (April 18, 2023).
      • February 2023
      • Supplement

      Coats Dyehouse Management

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Coats, the largest thread maker in the world, transformed its business to digital colour measurement so that it could respond better to customer demand in the garment industry for rapid product cycles and more fragmented colour choices. Its embrace of digital colour... View Details
      Keywords: Inventory Management; Supply Chain; Inventory; Supply Chain Management; Operations; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Asia
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      Shih, Willy C. "Coats Dyehouse Management." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 622-703, February 2023.
      • January 2023 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Belden and Digital Transformation: From Product Sales to Solutions Sales

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Amy Klopfenstein
      This case concerns the industrial automation division at Belden, a hardware manufacturer. While Belden historically sold products such as cables, wires, and other networking devices, EVP of Industrial Automation Ashish Chand recognized that IT vendors were entering the... View Details
      Keywords: Implementation; Sales Cycle; Digital Transformation; Sales; Product Positioning; Business Model; Market Entry and Exit; Customer Focus and Relationships; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Supply and Industry; Technology Industry; North America; United States
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Amy Klopfenstein. "Belden and Digital Transformation: From Product Sales to Solutions Sales." Harvard Business School Case 823-002, January 2023. (Revised January 2023.)
      • October 2022 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      The case describes BMW’s electrification and decarbonization strategy, and how the company measured carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of its vehicles and used tools like carbon abatement cost curves to evaluate decarbonization opportunities. In mid-2022,... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Change; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Germany; China; United States; Europe
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Case 123-008, October 2022. (Revised June 2024.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Small Campaign Donors

      By: Laurent Bouton, Julia Cagé, Edgard Dewitte and Vincent Pons
      In this paper, we study the characteristics and behavior of small donors, and compare them to those of large donors. We first build a novel dataset including all the 340 million individual contributions reported to the U.S. Federal Election Commission between 2005 and... View Details
      Keywords: Campaign Finance; Campaign Contributions; Small Donations; ActBlue; WinRed; TV Advertising; Political Elections; Finance; Demographics; Advertising; Analysis; Analytics and Data Science
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      Bouton, Laurent, Julia Cagé, Edgard Dewitte, and Vincent Pons. "Small Campaign Donors." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30050, May 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Agora (A)

      By: Lindsay N. Hyde, Thomas R. Eisenmann and Tom Quinn
      Agora was a civic technology (civic tech) startup founded by Elsa Sze, who wanted to enhance the connection between political officials and their constituents by facilitating virtual “town halls,” making underrepresented voices heard and benefiting elected and... View Details
      Keywords: Civic Technology; Government Administration; Conferences; Business Startups; Business Strategy
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      Hyde, Lindsay N., Thomas R. Eisenmann, and Tom Quinn. "Agora (A)." Harvard Business School Case 822-022, February 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Supplement

      Agora (B)

      By: Lindsay N. Hyde, Thomas R. Eisenmann and Tom Quinn
      This is the conclusion to Agora (A), where founder Elsa Sze decides if she wants to continue investing energy in her civic technology startup.
      Agora was a civic technology (civic tech) startup founded by Elsa Sze, who wanted to enhance the connection between... View Details
      Keywords: Civic Technology; Government Administration; Conferences; Business Startups; Business Strategy
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      Hyde, Lindsay N., Thomas R. Eisenmann, and Tom Quinn. "Agora (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 822-026, February 2022.
      • December 16, 2021
      • Article

      Avoid a One-Size-Fits-All Approach to Sales Coaching

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      Coaching sales reps is about clarifying relevant behaviors and whether the issue is motivation or ability. Some reps may work hard, but lack certain capabilities while others demonstrate capability but seemingly lack motivation or effort. Good coaching helps to clarify... View Details
      Keywords: Salesforce Management; Training; Competency and Skills; Motivation and Incentives
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      Cespedes, Frank V. "Avoid a One-Size-Fits-All Approach to Sales Coaching." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 16, 2021).
      • 2021
      • Article

      Venture Capital Booms and Startup Financing

      By: William Janeway, Ramana Nanda and Matthew Rhodes-Kropf
      We review the growing literature on the relationship between venture capital booms and startup financing, focusing on three broad areas: First, we discuss the drivers of large inflows into the venture capital asset class, particularly in recent years—which are related... View Details
      Keywords: Venture Capital; Business Startups; Innovation and Invention; Policy
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      Janeway, William, Ramana Nanda, and Matthew Rhodes-Kropf. "Venture Capital Booms and Startup Financing." Annual Review of Financial Economics 13 (2021): 111–127.
      • August 2021 (Revised November 2023)
      • Supplement

      Coats: Supply Chain Challenges

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Coats, the largest thread maker in the world, transformed its business to digital colour measurement so that it could respond better to customer demand in the garment industry for rapid product cycles and more fragmented colour choices. Its embrace of digital colour... View Details
      Keywords: Inventory Management; Supply Chain; Inventory; Supply Chain Management; Operations; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Asia
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      Shih, Willy C. "Coats: Supply Chain Challenges." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 622-041, August 2021. (Revised November 2023.)
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