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- June 2013 (Revised March 2014)
- Technical Note
Strategic Complements and Substitutes
The framework of strategic complements and substitutes can help companies anticipate competitors' responses. It is particularly helpful in deciding on price- or capacity-commitments (or pre-emption), but it can provide more general guidance for analyzing the potential... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Strategic Substitutes; Strategic Complements; Puppy Dog Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Game Theory; Strategy; Economics
Van den Steen, Eric. "Strategic Complements and Substitutes." Harvard Business School Technical Note 713-542, June 2013. (Revised March 2014.)
- 2009
- Working Paper
Strategic Interactions in Two-Sided Market Oligopolies
By: Emmanuel Farhi and Andrei Hagiu
Strategic interactions between two-sided platforms depend not only on whether their decision variables are strategic complements or substitutes as for one-sided firms, but also -and crucially so- on whether or not the platforms subsidize one side of the market in... View Details
Keywords: Two-Sided Markets; Strategic Complements; Strategic Substitutes; Cost; Investment; Profit; One-Sided Platforms; Two-Sided Platforms; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Advantage
Farhi, Emmanuel, and Andrei Hagiu. "Strategic Interactions in Two-Sided Market Oligopolies." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-011, August 2007. (Revised February 2009.)
- December 2003 (Revised May 2004)
- Case
Blockbuster Inc. & Technological Substitution (A): Achieving Dominance in the Video Rental Industry
Provides a comprehensive background of the video rental industry and home entertainment giant, Blockbuster Inc. Follows the life of Blockbuster Inc. from its first days under founder Wayne Huizenga to its most recent developments under 2003 CEO John Antioco. By looking... View Details
Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Competition; Change Management; Economics; Service Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
Coughlan, Peter J., and Jenny Illes. "Blockbuster Inc. & Technological Substitution (A): Achieving Dominance in the Video Rental Industry." Harvard Business School Case 704-404, December 2003. (Revised May 2004.)
- December 2003 (Revised April 2004)
- Case
Blockbuster Inc. & Technological Substitution (D): The Threat of Direct Digital Distribution
Examines the emergence of technologies for delivering video content to consumer homes via direct digital distribution and investigates the strategic options facing video rental giant Blockbuster Inc. as it tries to respond to the new technological substitutes. Examines... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Risk and Uncertainty; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Competition; Change Management; Service Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
Coughlan, Peter J., and Jenny Illes. "Blockbuster Inc. & Technological Substitution (D): The Threat of Direct Digital Distribution." Harvard Business School Case 704-463, December 2003. (Revised April 2004.)
- Program
Strategic Marketing for Driving Growth
Summary Strategic agility and an unyielding focus on growth are essential for the success of any organization, especially when new technologies such as generative AI are profoundly changing how businesses acquire, engage, and retain... View Details
- Article
Network Effects in the Governance of Strategic Alliances
We argue that the stock of prior alliances between participants in the biotechnology sector forms a network that serves as a governance mechanism in interfirm transactions. To test how this network substitutes for other governance mechanisms, we examine how equity... View Details
Keywords: Network Effects; Governance; Strategy; Alliances; Stocks; Market Transactions; Equity; Mortgages; Biotechnology Industry
Robinson, David, and Toby E. Stuart. "Network Effects in the Governance of Strategic Alliances." Journal of Law, Economics & Organization 23, no. 1 (April 2007): 242–273.
- 08 Jul 2024
- Research & Ideas
The Critical Computer Science Principles Every Strategic Leader Needs to Know
In an AI-world, leaders who speak technology’s language gain an edge. But that doesn’t mean every manager needs a computer science degree. A handle on a handful of basics goes a long way toward preparing strategic leaders for today’s... View Details
- March–April 1979
- Article
How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy
By: M. E. Porter
Many factors determine the nature of competition, including not only rivals, but also the economics of particular industries, new entrants, the bargaining power of customers and suppliers, and the threat of substitute services or products. A strategic plan of action... View Details
Porter, M. E. "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy." Harvard Business Review 57, no. 2 (March–April 1979): 137–145.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Saving for a Dry Day: Coal, Dams, and the Energy Transition
By: Michele Fioretti and Jorge Tamayo
Renewable generation creates a tradeoff between current and future energy production as generators produce energy by releasing previously stored resources. Studying the Colombian market, we find that diversified firms strategically substitute fossil fuels for... View Details
Keywords: Energy Generation; Renewable Energy; Production; Green Technology Industry; Energy Industry; Colombia
Fioretti, Michele, and Jorge Tamayo. "Saving for a Dry Day: Coal, Dams, and the Energy Transition." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-016, August 2021.
- July 2013
- Technical Note
Competition Simulator Exercise: Questions
In the Competition Simulator Exercise, students explore through trial and error some important economic foundations of competitive strategy and managerial economics. In particular, the simulator lets students explore horizontal differentiation with and without price... View Details
Keywords: Economics Of Strategy; Economics Of Competition; Competition; Economics; Game Theory; Competitive Strategy; Marketing Strategy
Van den Steen, Eric. "Competition Simulator Exercise: Questions." Harvard Business School Technical Note 714-406, July 2013.
- 2021
- Article
The Virtues and Limitations of Dynamic Capabilities
By: Bharat Anand and David J. Collis
Dynamic capabilities have been identified as a key determinant of competitive advantage. This paper explores the foundations of dynamic capabilities, and the limits to their effectiveness, first theoretically and then through the case of Danaher, the most successful... View Details
Keywords: Dynamic Capabilities; Danaher; Resources; Theory Of The Firm; Value-based Strategy; Organizations; Performance Effectiveness; Competitive Advantage; Strategy
Anand, Bharat, and David J. Collis. "The Virtues and Limitations of Dynamic Capabilities." Strategic Management Review 2, no. 1 (2021): 47–78.
- June 2013 (Revised November 2022)
- Exercise
Competition Simulator Exercise
In the Competition Simulator Exercise, students explore through trial and error some important economic foundations of competitive strategy and managerial economics. In particular, the nine simulator exercises let students explore horizontal differentiation with and... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Economics; Game Theory; Competitive Strategy; Learning; Mathematical Methods; Analysis
Van den Steen, Eric J. "Competition Simulator Exercise." Harvard Business School Exercise 713-804, June 2013. (Revised November 2022.)
- June 2012 (Revised July 2013)
- Exercise
Competition Simulator Exercise: Instructions
In the Competition Simulator Exercise, students explore through trial and error some important economic foundations of competitive strategy and managerial economics. In particular, the nine simulator exercises let students explore horizontal differentiation with and... View Details
Van den Steen, Eric. "Competition Simulator Exercise: Instructions." Harvard Business School Exercise 712-498, June 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
- April 2013
- Article
First-Party Content and Coordination in Two-Sided Markets
By: Andrei Hagiu and Daniel Spulber
The strategic use of first-party content by two-sided platforms is driven by two key factors: the nature of buyer and seller expectations (favorable versus unfavorable) and the nature of the relationship between first-party content and third-party content (complements... View Details
Keywords: Two-sided Platforms; Platform Strategy; Technology; Information Technology; Performance Expectations; Strategy; Digital Platforms
Hagiu, Andrei, and Daniel Spulber. "First-Party Content and Coordination in Two-Sided Markets." Management Science 59, no. 4 (April 2013): 933–949.
- August 2021 (Revised October 2024)
- Case
Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion
By: Michael W. Toffel, Kenneth P. Pucker and Eren Kuzucu
The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider fashion industry. Background material highlights the growing... View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
Toffel, Michael W., Kenneth P. Pucker, and Eren Kuzucu. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A)." Harvard Business School Case 622-024, August 2021. (Revised October 2024.)
- 2007
- Working Paper
Platform Envelopment
By: Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne
Due to network effects and switching costs in platform markets, entrants generally must offer revolutionary functionality. We explore a second entry path that does not rely upon Schumpeterian innovation: platform envelopment. Through envelopment, a provider in one... View Details
Eisenmann, Thomas, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne. "Platform Envelopment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 07-104, June 2007. (Revised September 2008, October 2009, July 2010.)
- Teaching Interest
Strategy and Technology
Overview
This course explores the unique aspects of creating effective management and investment strategies for technology-intensive businesses. What are effective strategies for winning in markets with strong network effects? How should... View Details
- 02 Sep 2011
- Working Paper Summaries
First-Party Content, Commitment and Coordination in Two-Sided Markets
Keywords: by Andrei Hagiu & Daniel Spulber
Purpose + Profit
Are purpose and profit substitutes or complementary? What are the technological, societal, and market forces that are reshaping this relationship? What can we all... View Details
- April 2025
- Teaching Note
Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)
By: Michael W. Toffel, Ken Pucker and Stacy Straaberg
Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 622-024, 625-004, 625-005, and 625-702. The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider... View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Business Startups; Initial Public Offering; Knowledge Sharing; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California