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- All HBS Web
(2,546)
- News (510)
- Research (1,744)
- Events (11)
- Multimedia (2)
- Faculty Publications (807)
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- January 2005 (Revised June 2005)
- Case
Zipcar: Influencing Customer Behavior
By: Frances X. Frei and Hanna Rodriguez-Farrar
At Zipcar, customers share the use of cars and, as a result, rely on each other for their service experience. Customers are required to keep the car clean and the gas tank full and to return the car on time. Told from the perspective of two customers: Sal Fishman, who... View Details
Keywords: Information Technology; Governance Controls; Behavior; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Consumer Behavior; Leasing; Transportation Industry; Service Industry; United States
Frei, Frances X., and Hanna Rodriguez-Farrar. "Zipcar: Influencing Customer Behavior." Harvard Business School Case 605-054, January 2005. (Revised June 2005.)
- March 1997
- Background Note
Note on Customer Behavior
By: Gerald Zaltman
A review of selected key concepts that are useful for understanding customers. The importance of understanding customers is also discussed, along with a short description of new frontiers in the study of customer behavior. View Details
- March 2006
- Background Note
Influencing Customer Behavior in Service Operations
By: Frances X. Frei and Amy C. Edmondson
Explores ways in which service firms can influence the behavior of their customers. Drawing from research on employee motivation and applying it to customer motivation, the note describes two levels of managerial control: instrumental control, which shapes behavior... View Details
Keywords: Customers; Governance Controls; Consumer Behavior; Service Operations; Emotions; Motivation and Incentives; Power and Influence; Service Industry
Frei, Frances X., and Amy C. Edmondson. "Influencing Customer Behavior in Service Operations." Harvard Business School Background Note 606-061, March 2006.
- February 2007
- Article
Strategic Bidder Behavior in Sponsored Search Auctions
By: Benjamin Edelman and Michael Ostrovsky
We examine sponsored search auctions run by Overture (now part of Yahoo!) and Google and present evidence of strategic bidder behavior in these auctions. Between June 15, 2002, and June 14, 2003, we estimate that Overture's revenue from sponsored search might have been... View Details
Keywords: Auctions; Strategy; Behavior; Revenue; Performance Efficiency; Bids and Bidding; Search Technology
Edelman, Benjamin, and Michael Ostrovsky. "Strategic Bidder Behavior in Sponsored Search Auctions." Decision Support Systems 43, no. 1 (February 2007): 192–198. (Winner of Emerald Citations of Excellence.)
- July 2007 (Revised April 2008)
- Teaching Note
Zipcar: Influencing Customer Behavior (TN)
By: Frances X. Frei
- 2014
- Other Teaching and Training Material
Marketing Reading: Creating Customer Value
By: Sunil Gupta
This Reading explores how firms can create value for their customers. The goal of any business is to delight customers by understanding its customers' needs and to provide products and services to meet those needs. As a result, it is critical to understand what... View Details
Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Consumer Marketing; Customer Experience; Network Effects; Service Profit Chain; Total Customer Value
Gupta, Sunil. "Marketing Reading: Creating Customer Value." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing 8176, 2014.
- 2002
- Working Paper
Control Systems for Customer Behavior
By: Frances X. Frei, Amy C. Edmondson and Corey Hajim
- July 2022
- Article
A Strategic View of Team Learning in Organizations
By: Jean-François Harvey, Henrik Bresman, Amy C. Edmondson and Gary P. Pisano
Research in strategic management and organizational behavior has increasingly focused on understanding how organizations achieve and sustain performance in fast-changing environments. Strategy research suggests that senior managers, through their decisions, influence... View Details
Keywords: Strategic Management; Organization Behavior; Teams; Organizational Capabilities; Groups and Teams; Learning; Management; Decision Making; Performance; Organizational Design
Harvey, Jean-François, Henrik Bresman, Amy C. Edmondson, and Gary P. Pisano. "A Strategic View of Team Learning in Organizations." Academy of Management Annals 16, no. 2 (July 2022): 476–507.
- October 1992
- Article
Segmenting Industrial Customers by Buyer Behavior
By: V. K. Rangan, R. T. Moriarty Jr. and G. Swartz
Rangan, V. K., R. T. Moriarty Jr., and G. Swartz. "Segmenting Industrial Customers by Buyer Behavior." Journal of Marketing 56, no. 1 (October 1992): 72–82.
- 11 Mar 2015
- News
How Self-Service Kiosks Are Changing Customer Behavior
- May 2021
- Simulation
Customer Compatibility Exercise Application
By: Ryan W. Buell
Customers impose considerable variability on the operating systems of service organizations. They show up when they wish (arrival variability), they ask for different things (request variability), they vary in their willingness and ability to help themselves (effort... View Details
- Article
The Cyclical Behavior of Strategic Inventories
By: J. J. Rotemberg and Garth Saloner
Rotemberg, J. J., and Garth Saloner. "The Cyclical Behavior of Strategic Inventories." Quarterly Journal of Economics 104, no. 1 (February 1989): 73–98.
- Awards
Berry-AMA Book Prize for the Best Book in Marketing
By: Sunil Gupta
Winner of the 2006 Berry-AMA Book Prize for the Best Book in Marketing for Managing Customers as Investments: The Strategic Value of Customers in the Long Run (Wharton School Publishing) with Donald R. Lehmann. View Details
- May–June 2021
- Article
Eliminate Strategic Overload
As companies respond to intensifying competitive pressures and challenges, they ask more and more of their employees. But organizations often have very little to show for the efforts of their talented and engaged workers. By selecting fewer initiatives with greater... View Details
Keywords: Strategic Initiatives; Value-based Strategy; Organizational Effectiveness; Strategy; Value Creation
Oberholzer-Gee, Felix. "Eliminate Strategic Overload." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 3 (May–June 2021): 88–97.
- October 2014 (Revised November 2016)
- Technical Note
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) vs. Customer Lifetime Return on Investment (CLROI)
By: Elie Ofek
This note presents two related measures for assessing the financial value of a customer to the firm. The first is the well-known measure of Customer Lifetime Value, or CLV for short. The second, which has received much less attention, treats the acquisition of a... View Details
Keywords: Customer Lifetime Value; Return On Investment; Segmentation; Social Networks; Customer Relationship Management; Marketing Strategy; Investment Return; Social and Collaborative Networks; Social Media
Ofek, Elie. "Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) vs. Customer Lifetime Return on Investment (CLROI)." Harvard Business School Technical Note 515-049, October 2014. (Revised November 2016.)
- September 2015 (Revised March 2025)
- Technical Note
FIELD Global Capstone: Developing Customer Empathy
By: Jill Avery
The Design Thinking process begins with empathizing with potential customers. Empathizing, being aware of, interpreting, and understanding the thoughts of others, as well as being able to vicariously experience them oneself, requires the careful and deliberate study of... View Details
Keywords: Market Research; Design Thinking; Customer Behavior; Ethnography; Interviews; Surveys; A/B Testing; Experimentation; Marketing; Customer Focus and Relationships; Consumer Behavior; Demand and Consumers
Avery, Jill. "FIELD Global Capstone: Developing Customer Empathy." Harvard Business School Technical Note 316-082, September 2015. (Revised March 2025.)
- July 2010 (Revised January 2017)
- Background Note
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Customer Lifetime Value Analysis (2024)
By: Thomas Steenburgh and Jill Avery
Customers are increasingly being viewed as assets that bring value to the firm. Customer lifetime value is a metric that allows managers to understand the overall value of their customer base and relate it to three customer strategies firms employ: asset... View Details
Keywords: Customer Lifetime Value; Return On Investment; Customer Acquisition; Customer Retention; Customer Churn; ＂Marketing Analytics＂; Marketing; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Marketing Strategy; Measurement and Metrics; Strategic Planning; Value
Steenburgh, Thomas, and Jill Avery. "Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Customer Lifetime Value Analysis (2024)." Harvard Business School Background Note 525-017, July 2010. (Revised January 2017.)
- March–April 2019
- Article
Operational Transparency: Make Your Processes Visible to Customers and Your Customers Visible to Employees
By: Ryan W. Buell
Conventional wisdom holds that the more contact an operation has with its customers, the less efficiently it will run. But when customers are partitioned away from the operation, they are less likely to fully understand and appreciate the work going on behind the... View Details
Keywords: Operational Transparency; Customers; Services; Operations; Customer Focus and Relationships; Employees; Customer Satisfaction; Behavior; Service Industry
Buell, Ryan W. "Operational Transparency: Make Your Processes Visible to Customers and Your Customers Visible to Employees." R1902H. Harvard Business Review 97, no. 4 (March–April 2019): 102–113.
- 2005
- Book
Managing Customers as Investments: The Strategic Value of Customers in the Long Run
By: Sunil Gupta and Donald R. Lehmann
Gupta, Sunil, and Donald R. Lehmann. Managing Customers as Investments: The Strategic Value of Customers in the Long Run. Wharton School Publishing, 2005. (2006 winner of the annual Berry-AMA book prize for the best book in marketing.)
- 2023
- Working Paper
The Customer Journey as a Source of Information
By: Nicolas Padilla, Eva Ascarza and Oded Netzer
In the face of heightened data privacy concerns and diminishing third-party data access,
firms are placing increased emphasis on first-party data (1PD) for marketing decisions.
However, in environments with infrequent purchases, reliance on past purchases 1PD... View Details
Keywords: Customer Journey; Privacy; Consumer Behavior; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning; Customer Focus and Relationships
Padilla, Nicolas, Eva Ascarza, and Oded Netzer. "The Customer Journey as a Source of Information." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-035, October 2023. (Revised October 2023.)