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- 22 Jan 2019
- Interview
Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace
By: Amy C. Edmondson and Curt Nickisch
Amy Edmondson, professor at Harvard Business School, first identified the concept of psychological safety in work teams in 1999. Since then, she has observed how companies with a trusting workplace perform better. Psychological safety isn’t about being nice, she says.... View Details
"Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace." HBR IdeaCast (podcast), Harvard Business Review Group, January 22, 2019.
- March 2024
- Article
Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard
By: Kala Viswanathan, Matthew S. Johnson and Michael W. Toffel
Problem definition: Given the enormous disruptions and costs of occupational injuries, companies and buyers are increasingly looking to voluntary occupational health and safety standards to improve worker safety. Yet because these standards only require... View Details
Keywords: Occupational Health; Occupational Safety; Program Evaluation; Safety Performance; Injuries; OHSAS 18001; ISO 45001; Working Conditions; Safety; Standards
Viswanathan, Kala, Matthew S. Johnson, and Michael W. Toffel. "Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard." Art. 106383. Safety Science 171 (March 2024).
- April 2024
- Article
Speaking up and Taking Action: Psychological Safety and Joint Problem-solving Orientation in Safety Improvement
By: Hassina Bahadurzada, Michaela J. Kerrissey and Amy C. Edmondson
Healthcare organizations face stubborn challenges in ensuring patient safety and mitigating clinician turnover. This paper aims to advance theory and research on patient safety by elucidating how the role of psychological safety in patient safety can be enhanced with... View Details
Keywords: Healthcare Operations; Psychological Safety; Teams; Retention; Safety; Customer Satisfaction; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Health Industry
Bahadurzada, Hassina, Michaela J. Kerrissey, and Amy C. Edmondson. "Speaking up and Taking Action: Psychological Safety and Joint Problem-solving Orientation in Safety Improvement." Art. 812. Healthcare 12, no. 8 (April 2024).
- October 2023
- Article
Laboratory Safety and Research Productivity
By: Alberto Galasso, Hong Luo and Brooklynn Zhu
Are laboratory safety practices a tax on scientific productivity? We examine this question by exploiting the substantial increase in safety regulations at the University of California following the shocking accidental death of a research assistant in 2008.... View Details
Keywords: Economics Of Science; Risk Perception; Safety Regulations; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Working Conditions; Safety; Performance Productivity
Galasso, Alberto, Hong Luo, and Brooklynn Zhu. "Laboratory Safety and Research Productivity." Art. 104827. Research Policy 52, no. 8 (October 2023).
- 2022
- Working Paper
Exploring the Relationship between Team Diversity, Psychological Safety and Team Performance: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Drug Development
By: Henrik Bresman and Amy C. Edmondson
Breakthrough performance in teams requires pooling diverse perspectives and expertise. To realize the potential of diversity, communicating and translating across differences is essential. However, left to their own devices, diverse teams tend to underperform, in part... View Details
Keywords: Teams; Psychological Safety; Groups and Teams; Diversity; Interpersonal Communication; Performance
Bresman, Henrik, and Amy C. Edmondson. "Exploring the Relationship between Team Diversity, Psychological Safety and Team Performance: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Drug Development." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-055, February 2022.
- Article
National Trends in the Safety Performance of Electronic Health Record Systems From 2009 to 2018
By: David Classen, A Jay Holmgren, Zoe Co, Lisa Newmark, Diane Seger, Melissa Danforth and David Bates
Importance Despite the broad adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems across the continuum of care, safety problems persist.
Objective To measure the safety performance of operational EHRs in hospitals across the country during a 10-year period.
Design,... View Details
Keywords: Electronic Health Record Systems; Health Care and Treatment; Information Technology; Performance; Safety; Measurement and Metrics; United States
Classen, David, A Jay Holmgren, Zoe Co, Lisa Newmark, Diane Seger, Melissa Danforth, and David Bates. "National Trends in the Safety Performance of Electronic Health Record Systems From 2009 to 2018." JAMA Network Open 3, no. 5 (May 2020).
- October 1991 (Revised January 2000)
- Case
Workplace Safety at Alcoa (A)
By: Kim B. Clark and Joshua D. Margolis
Examines the challenge facing the managers of a large aluminum manufacturing plant in its drive to improve workplace safety. The CEO of the company has made safety a top priority. The plant has made good progress in reducing the injury rate, but now confronts the need... View Details
Keywords: Working Conditions; Safety; Problems and Challenges; Change Management; Operations; Resignation and Termination; Factories, Labs, and Plants; Manufacturing Industry; United States
Clark, Kim B., and Joshua D. Margolis. "Workplace Safety at Alcoa (A)." Harvard Business School Case 692-042, October 1991. (Revised January 2000.)
- May 18, 2012
- Article
Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job Loss
By: David I Levine, Michael W. Toffel and Matthew S. Johnson
Controversy surrounds occupational health and safety regulators, with some observers claiming that workplace regulations damage firms' competitiveness and destroy jobs and others arguing that they make workplaces safer at little cost to employers and employees. We... View Details
Keywords: Regulation; Occupational Safety; Evaluation; Regression; Matching; Difference In Differences; Safety; Health; Working Conditions; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competitive Advantage; Performance; Manufacturing Industry; California
Levine, David I., Michael W. Toffel, and Matthew S. Johnson. "Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job Loss." Science 336, no. 6083 (May 18, 2012): 907–911. (Online supplement (appendix). Featured in an article by the head of US OSHA, and in U.S. News & World Report and many other news outlets. Basis of U.S. Congressional testimony on promoting safe workplaces.)
- June 2, 2020
- Article
How to 'Re-engineer' Your Business for Safety
By: Hubert Joly
Process reengineering was a massive trend in the 1990s. By focusing on improving either cost, quality, or service, a company could gain benefits in all three categories. Today, the principles that underpin process reengineering can be applied anew, with safety as a... View Details
Keywords: Re-engineering; COVID; Safety; Performance Improvement; Organizational Change and Adaptation
Joly, Hubert. "How to 'Re-engineer' Your Business for Safety." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (June 2, 2020).
- 2008
- Chapter
Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration: Psychological Safety and Learning in Diverse Teams
By: A. Edmondson and Kate Roloff
We review research on psychological safety and team learning to identify core ideas and findings in these closely related literatures and to propose a model in which a negative relationship between team member diversity and team collaboration is moderated by... View Details
Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Groups and Teams; Social and Collaborative Networks; Performance Improvement; Learning; Diversity
Edmondson, A., and Kate Roloff. "Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration: Psychological Safety and Learning in Diverse Teams." In Team Effectiveness in Complex Organizations: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives and Approaches, edited by E. Sales, G. G. Goodwin, and C. S. Burke.Organizational Frontiers Series. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008.
- January 2023
- Article
Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature
By: Amy C. Edmondson and Derrick P. Bransby
Since its renaissance in the 1990s, psychological safety research has
flourished—a boom motivated by recognition of the challenge of navigating uncertainty and change. Today, its theoretical and practical significance
is amplified by the increasingly complex and... View Details
Keywords: Safety; Risk and Uncertainty; Leadership; Working Conditions; Research; Performance; Learning; Organizational Culture
Edmondson, Amy C., and Derrick P. Bransby. "Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature." Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 10 (January 2023): 55–78.
- 14 Jun 2023
- Research & Ideas
Four Steps to Building the Psychological Safety That High-Performing Teams Need
authors identify four research-backed steps that leaders can take to cultivate psychological safety among their employees. When properly understood, focusing on these four areas can boost team performance... View Details
Keywords: by Kara Baskin
- 09 May 2018
- Research & Ideas
A Simple Way for Restaurant Inspectors to Improve Food Safety
Restaurant inspectors can be the last line of defense between you and moldy bread. (HighLaZ) Simple tweaks to the schedules of food safety inspectors could result in hundreds of thousands of currently overlooked violations being... View Details
- January 2020
- Article
Assessing the Safety of Electronic Health Records: A National Longitudinal Study of Medication-related Decision Support
By: A Jay Holmgren, Zoe Co, Lisa Newmark, Melissa Danforth, David Classen and David Bates
Background Electronic health records (EHR) can improve safety via computerised physician order entry with clinical decision support, designed in part to alert providers and prevent potential adverse drug events at entry and before they reach the patient.... View Details
Keywords: Hospital; Electronic Health Records; Health Care and Treatment; Information Technology; Safety; Performance; Quality; Performance Improvement
Holmgren, A Jay, Zoe Co, Lisa Newmark, Melissa Danforth, David Classen, and David Bates. "Assessing the Safety of Electronic Health Records: A National Longitudinal Study of Medication-related Decision Support." BMJ Quality & Safety 29, no. 1 (January 2020): 52–59.
- 2018
- Chapter
The Strategic Imperative of Psychological Safety and Organizational Error Management
By: Amy C. Edmondson and Paul Verdin
Despite discussion in the management literature about agile organizations or learning organizations, many large organizations are top-down, slow to change, and fraught with obstacles to learning. We describe “strategy-as-learning” to contrast with the traditional... View Details
Edmondson, Amy C., and Paul Verdin. "The Strategic Imperative of Psychological Safety and Organizational Error Management." In How Could this Happen? Managing Errors in Organizations, edited by Jan U. Hagen. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
- 18 Jul 2024
- Research & Ideas
New Hires Lose Psychological Safety After Year One. How to Fix It.
“Delivering patient care is one of those situations where timely speaking up can be a matter of life and death, or frequently a matter of high- or low-quality care.” “Psychological safety describes a belief that the work environment is... View Details
- June 2020
- Article
How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections
By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes... View Details
Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2396–2416. (Revised February 2019. Featured in Harvard Business Review, Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, Food Safety News, and KelloggInsight. (2020 MSOM Responsible Research Finalist.))
- July 2024
- Article
Chatbots and Mental Health: Insights into the Safety of Generative AI
By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp and Stefano Puntoni
Chatbots are now able to engage in sophisticated conversations with consumers. Due to the ‘black box’ nature of the algorithms, it is impossible to predict in advance how these conversations will unfold. Behavioral research provides little insight into potential safety... View Details
Keywords: Autonomy; Chatbots; New Technology; Brand Crises; Mental Health; Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Behavior; Well-being; Technological Innovation; Ethics
De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, and Stefano Puntoni. "Chatbots and Mental Health: Insights into the Safety of Generative AI." Journal of Consumer Psychology 34, no. 3 (July 2024): 481–491.
- 15 Jul 2021
- Interview
The Secret to Building a Higher-Performing Company—Amy Edmondson
By: Amy C. Edmondson and Jason Marc Campbell
Research shows that organizations with higher levels of psychological safety perform better on almost any metric or KPI than organizations with a low psychological safety score. Psychological safety is "a belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for speaking... View Details
"The Secret to Building a Higher-Performing Company—Amy Edmondson." Selling with Love (podcast), July 15, 2021. (Formerly Superhumans at Work.)
- 18 Feb 2021
- Interview
Amy Edmondson: Are You Missing One of Your Most Important Jobs as a Manager?
By: Amy C. Edmondson and Chris Clearfield
During our conversation, we talked about:
• The renewed interest in the concept of psychological safety
• J.D. Thompson’s notion of “reciprocal coordination needs”
• How knowledge work does not produce objective or mechanical... View Details
• The renewed interest in the concept of psychological safety
• J.D. Thompson’s notion of “reciprocal coordination needs”
• How knowledge work does not produce objective or mechanical... View Details
"Amy Edmondson: Are You Missing One of Your Most Important Jobs as a Manager?" Episode 18. The Breakdown with Chris Clearfield (podcast), February 18, 2021.