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    • All HBS Web  (240)
      • Faculty Publications  (35)

      Organizational NormRemove Organizational Norm →

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      • January 2025
      • Module Note

      Understanding and Addressing Gender Gaps

      By: Katherine Coffman
      This module provides a framework for students to analyze how gender stereotypes, through their impact on beliefs about others and beliefs about ourselves, contribute to gender gaps in the workplace. The module proceeds in three parts. First, through a case and an... View Details
      Keywords: Decisions; Gender; Leadership; Management Practices and Processes; Prejudice and Bias
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      Coffman, Katherine. "Understanding and Addressing Gender Gaps." Harvard Business School Module Note 925-021, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Netflix: Takedown Troubles

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Tom Quinn and Maxim Pike Harrell
      In October 2021, Netflix Co-CEO Ted Sarandos sent an all-staff email addressing backlash to comedian Dave Chappelle’s new stand-up special, The Closer. Released on October 5, the comedian’s depiction of the transgender community and other LGBTQ+ groups prompted... View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Satisfaction; Cost vs Benefits; Demographics; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Employees; Recruitment; Retention; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Strategic Planning; Adaptation; Decisions; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
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      Rose, Clayton S., Tom Quinn, and Maxim Pike Harrell. "Netflix: Takedown Troubles." Harvard Business School Case 325-021, January 2025.
      • September 2022
      • Article

      Regulatory Spillover and Workplace Racial Inequality

      By: Letian Zhang
      This paper suggests that affirmative action bans in the U.S. public sector may influence racial inequality in the private sector. Since the 1990s, nine states have banned affirmative action practice in public universities and state governments. Though these bans have... View Details
      Keywords: Inequality; Regulation; Law; Organizational Norm; CEO; Affirmative Action; Organizations; Private Sector; Equality and Inequality; Diversity; Race; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Zhang, Letian. "Regulatory Spillover and Workplace Racial Inequality." Administrative Science Quarterly 67, no. 3 (September 2022): 595–629.
      • 2021
      • Article

      How Top Managers Use the Entrepreneurial Gap to Drive Strategic Change

      By: Robert L. Simons and Antonio Davila
      Prior research provides strong evidence for the association between business strategy and the design and use of management control systems. We complement this research by examining the role of management control systems in situations of strategic change. We report the... View Details
      Keywords: Management Control Systems; Accountability; Strategic Change; Organization Change And Adaptation; Organizational Performance; Management Systems; Organizational Structure; Corporate Accountability; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance
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      Simons, Robert L., and Antonio Davila. "How Top Managers Use the Entrepreneurial Gap to Drive Strategic Change." European Accounting Review 30, no. 4 (2021): 583–609.
      • Article

      Work Group Rituals Enhance the Meaning of Work

      By: Tami Kim, Ovul Sezer, Juliana Schroeder, Jane L. Risen, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
      The many benefits of finding meaning in work suggest the importance of identifying activities that increase job meaningfulness. The current paper identifies one such activity: engaging in rituals with workgroups. Five studies (N = 1,099) provide evidence that... View Details
      Keywords: Groups; Meaningfulness; Task Meaning; Ritual; Teams; Organizational Citizenship; Groups and Teams; Behavior; Familiarity
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      Kim, Tami, Ovul Sezer, Juliana Schroeder, Jane L. Risen, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "Work Group Rituals Enhance the Meaning of Work." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 165 (July 2021): 197–212.
      • Article

      Birds of a Feather...Enforce Social Norms? Interactions Among Culture, Norms, and Strategy

      By: Hongyi Li and Eric J. Van den Steen
      Does culture eat strategy for breakfast? This paper investigates the interactions among corporate culture, norms, and strategy, in order to better understand this issue and related questions. It first shows, through microfoundations, how the forces that drive toward... View Details
      Keywords: Culture; Norms; Organizational Culture; Strategy; Values and Beliefs
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      Li, Hongyi, and Eric J. Van den Steen. "Birds of a Feather...Enforce Social Norms? Interactions Among Culture, Norms, and Strategy." Strategy Science 6, no. 2 (June 2021): 166–189.
      • 2021
      • Book

      Remote Work Revolution: Succeeding from Anywhere

      By: Tsedal Neeley
      The rapid and unprecedented changes brought on by COVID-19 have accelerated the transition to remote working, requiring the wholesale migration of nearly entire companies to virtual work in just weeks, leaving managers and employees scrambling to adjust. This massive... View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Health Pandemics; Employment; Disruption; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Management
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      Neeley, Tsedal. Remote Work Revolution: Succeeding from Anywhere. New York: Harper Business, 2021.
      • January 2021 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      TCS: From Physical Offices to Borderless Work

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury and Malini Sen
      Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), a multinational IT services company headquartered in Mumbai, is a subsidiary of one of India’s most reputed conglomerates, the Tata Group. In 2020, TCS was valued at $144.7 billion, the highest for any company in the IT sector,... View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Organizational Structure; Change Management; Transformation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Customer Satisfaction; Information Technology Industry; India; Asia; United States; Europe
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, and Malini Sen. "TCS: From Physical Offices to Borderless Work." Harvard Business School Case 621-081, January 2021. (Revised February 2021.)
      • Article

      Reflections: Toward a Normative and Actionable Theory of Planned Organizational Change and Development

      By: Michael Beer
      A normative and actionable theory of planned organizational change and development is proposed based on fifty years of engagement by the author as a scholar-consultant. Five principles are central features of the theory and practice proposed: 1) Organizations are... View Details
      Keywords: Consultant; Process; Systems; Silence; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leadership; Learning; Management Teams
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      Beer, Michael. "Reflections: Toward a Normative and Actionable Theory of Planned Organizational Change and Development." Journal of Change Management 21, no. 1 (2021).
      • 2020
      • Article

      Worry at Work: How Organizational Culture Promotes Anxiety

      By: Jeremy A. Yip, Emma E. Levine, Alison Wood Brooks and Maurice E. Schweitzer
      Organizational culture profoundly influences how employees think and behave. Established research suggests that the content, intensity, consensus, and fit of cultural norms act as a social control system for attitudes and behavior. We adopt the norms model of... View Details
      Keywords: Anxiety; Norms; Stress; Culture; Tightness-looseness; Curvilinear; Organizational Culture; Emotions; Performance
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      Yip, Jeremy A., Emma E. Levine, Alison Wood Brooks, and Maurice E. Schweitzer. "Worry at Work: How Organizational Culture Promotes Anxiety." Art. 100124. Research in Organizational Behavior 40 (2020).
      • January 22, 2020
      • Article

      Making Honest Conversations the Norm

      By: Michael Beer
      Much admired companies like Boeing and Wells Fargo sacrifice their competitive advantage. Some make huge ethical blunders. As a result, shareholders suffer huge losses in value while employees, customers, and society lose trust and confidence in the institution. Based... View Details
      Keywords: Honesty; Interpersonal Communication; Framework; Organizational Culture; Trust; Performance Effectiveness
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      Beer, Michael. "Making Honest Conversations the Norm." ChangeThis (blog) (January 22, 2020).
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Birds of a Feather ... Enforce Social Norms? Interactions Among Culture, Norms, and Strategy

      By: Hongyi Li and Eric J. Van den Steen
      This paper analyzes how shared beliefs and preferences (or values) cause the emergence of social norms; why people may enforce norms that go against their own beliefs and preferences/values; and how this may cause a disconnect to develop between the... View Details
      Keywords: Culture; Norms; Values and Beliefs; Organizational Culture; Strategy
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      Li, Hongyi, and Eric J. Van den Steen. "Birds of a Feather ... Enforce Social Norms? Interactions Among Culture, Norms, and Strategy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-045, October 2019.
      • August 2019
      • Case

      Humanistic Capitalism at Brunello Cucinelli

      By: Francesca Gino and Gary Pisano
      This case explores one company’s attempt to experiment with a different underlying model for a capitalist enterprise. Brunello Cucinelli, S.p.A. is a leading manufacturer of luxury fashion apparel. Despite being a publicly traded enterprise with annual revenues... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Culture; Human Resource Practices; Growth; Growth Strategy; Motivation; Values; Fashion; Capitalism; Organizational Culture; Values and Beliefs; Human Resources; Management; Business Model; Policy; Behavior; Growth and Development Strategy; Luxury; Italy
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      Gino, Francesca, and Gary Pisano. "Humanistic Capitalism at Brunello Cucinelli." Harvard Business School Case 920-007, August 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Professionals' Contributions to Online Knowledge Communities on Their Workplace Knowledge Work

      By: Hila Lifshitz - Assaf and Frank Nagle
      Knowledge work is becoming increasingly challenging as pace of change in the knowledge frontier is increasing. Organizations have created multiple mechanisms to minimize knowledge gaps and increase learning such internal training, mentorship programs as well as... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source; Future Of Work; Software Development; Knowledge Work; Online Community; Learning; Knowledge Sharing; Applications and Software; Open Source Distribution; Performance Productivity
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      Lifshitz - Assaf, Hila, and Frank Nagle. "The Impact of Professionals' Contributions to Online Knowledge Communities on Their Workplace Knowledge Work." Working Paper, April 2019.
      • July–August 2019
      • Article

      Where Is Your Company Most Prone to Lapses in Integrity?

      By: Eugene F. Soltes
      Every sizable organization has integrity gaps—areas where what’s considered appropriate behavior diverges from the norms set by its leaders. Within these pockets, things like offensive language, overly aggressive sales practices, or conflicts of interest may be... View Details
      Keywords: Integrity; Organizational Culture; Ethics
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      Soltes, Eugene F. "Where Is Your Company Most Prone to Lapses in Integrity?" Harvard Business Review 97, no. 4 (July–August 2019): 51–54.
      • June 2019 (Revised July 2019)
      • Case

      Building a Meritocracy at Alghanim Industries

      By: Paul M. Healy, Susanna Gallani and Esel Çekin
      Building on his father’s legacy, Omar Alghanim (MBA 2002) had been working on strengthening a performance-driven culture based on meritocracy in the family business, Alghanim Industries. The task had been particularly challenging because of traditional Middle East... View Details
      Keywords: Meritocracy; Social Norms; Family Business; Organizational Culture; Performance; Diversity; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Middle East; Kuwait
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      Healy, Paul M., Susanna Gallani, and Esel Çekin. "Building a Meritocracy at Alghanim Industries." Harvard Business School Case 119-019, June 2019. (Revised July 2019.)
      • Article

      If You're Going to Do Wrong, at Least Do It Right: Considering Two Moral Dilemmas at the Same Time Promotes Moral Consistency

      By: Netta Barak-Corren, Chia-Jung Tsay, Fiery Cushman and Max Bazerman
      We study how people reconcile conflicting moral intuitions by juxtaposing two versions of classic moral problems: the trolley problem and the footbridge problem. When viewed separately, most people favor action in the former and disapprove of action in the latter,... View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Judgments; Problems and Challenges; Conflict and Resolution
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      Barak-Corren, Netta, Chia-Jung Tsay, Fiery Cushman, and Max Bazerman. "If You're Going to Do Wrong, at Least Do It Right: Considering Two Moral Dilemmas at the Same Time Promotes Moral Consistency." Management Science 64, no. 4 (April 2018): 1528–1540.
      • January 29, 2018
      • Article

      How to Build Trust with Colleagues You Rarely See

      By: Tsedal Neeley
      Building trust is key to success for any organization. But that can be tricky when it comes to colleagues that you only interact with virtually. What does it take to build trust when you can’t meet in person? In this piece, the author suggests that professionals should... View Details
      Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Trust; Organizational Culture; Familiarity; Employees
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      Neeley, Tsedal. "How to Build Trust with Colleagues You Rarely See." Harvard Business Review (website) (January 29, 2018).
      • August 2017
      • Article

      Teaching Versus Living: Managerial Decision Making in the Gray

      By: Eugene F. Soltes
      Preparing students for the consequential ethical decisions that they will face in their careers is among the most difficult tasks of management education. I describe some of these challenges based on my book Why They Do It: Inside the Mind of the White-Collar... View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Organizational Culture; Business Education
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      Soltes, Eugene F. "Teaching Versus Living: Managerial Decision Making in the Gray." Special Issue on Behavioral Ethics. Journal of Management Education 41, no. 4 (August 2017): 455–468.
      • December 2016
      • Article

      Selective Regulator Decoupling and Organizations' Strategic Responses

      By: Jonas Heese, Ranjani Krishnan and Frank Moers
      Organizations often respond to institutional pressures by symbolically adopting policies and procedures but decoupling them from actual practice. Literature has examined why organizations decouple from regulatory pressures. In this study, we argue that decoupling... View Details
      Keywords: Regulator Leniency; Beneficence; Mispricing; Upcoding; Nonprofit Organizations; Health Care and Treatment; Revenue; Health Industry
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      Heese, Jonas, Ranjani Krishnan, and Frank Moers. "Selective Regulator Decoupling and Organizations' Strategic Responses." Academy of Management Journal 59, no. 6 (December 2016). (Selected for Best Paper Proceedings of the 2015 Academy of Management Annual Meeting. Winner of the Healthcare Management Division of the Academy of Management 2015 Best Paper Award.)
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