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      • May 2025
      • Background Note

      Social Enterprise in Latin America

      By: Brian L. Trelstad and Karina Souza
      This research note provides an overview of the social enterprise ecosystem in Latin America, exploring current dynamics across key markets, including country-specific insights on Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Central America. In a region characterized... View Details
      Keywords: Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Impact Investing; Developing Countries and Economies; Social Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Ownership; Social Enterprise; Business Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Guatemala; Central America
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      Trelstad, Brian L., and Karina Souza. "Social Enterprise in Latin America." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-117, May 2025.
      • October 2024 (Revised December 2024)
      • Case

      Kering Eyewear

      By: Rohit Deshpandé, Dante Roscini and Elena Corsi
      In June 2024, Roberto Vedovotto, CEO of Kering Eyewear, prepared to discuss the future of the recently acquired brands LINDBERG, a Danish optical eyewear brand, and Maui Jim, an American sunglasses brand. Vedovotto founded Kering Eyewear in 2014, convincing... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Brands and Branding; Product Marketing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Luxury; Fashion Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Italy; Europe; China
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      Deshpandé, Rohit, Dante Roscini, and Elena Corsi. "Kering Eyewear." Harvard Business School Case 525-027, October 2024. (Revised December 2024.)
      • March 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Laura Alfaro, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Pedro Levindo
      The case gives readers an overview of key factors of doing business in Brazil, including Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until 2023, when leftist President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was sworn in for his third term, after the most polarized... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; International Relations; Political Elections; Taxation; Consumer Behavior; Brazil; Latin America; Sao Paulo
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      Alfaro, Laura, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 324-079, March 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • February 2023
      • Module Note

      Illiberalism and Interdependence

      By: Meg Rithmire
      This module note explains the themes of Illiberalism and Interdependence, the cases and readings used to teach these themes, and how the themes fit into the MITI course. After decades of international political economy scholarship focusing on the impact of rules, there... View Details
      Keywords: International Relations; Globalized Economies and Regions; Business and Government Relations; National Security; Economic Systems
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      Rithmire, Meg. "Illiberalism and Interdependence." Harvard Business School Module Note 723-032, February 2023.
      • July 2022 (Revised October 2022)
      • Case

      Nestlé, Shared Value and KitKat Diplomacy

      By: Geoffrey G. Jones and Sabine Pitteloud
      The case revolves around the decision on March 23, 2022 by Mark Schneider, the chief executive of Swiss-based Nestlé, to withdraw the emblematic Kit Kat chocolate bar from sales in Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine in the previous month, although not its... View Details
      Keywords: Shared Value; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Globalized Economies and Regions; Ethics; War; Social Issues
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      Jones, Geoffrey G., and Sabine Pitteloud. "Nestlé, Shared Value and KitKat Diplomacy." Harvard Business School Case 323-018, July 2022. (Revised October 2022.)
      • May 2022
      • Case

      TikTok and National Security: Investment in an Age of Data Sovereignty?

      By: Jeremy Friedman, Sarah Bauerle Danzman and David Lane
      This case covers TikTok’s purchase of Musical.ly and the reaction of the United States government, including the review of the purchase by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) and the reaction of the presidential administration of Donald... View Details
      Keywords: Data Security; Mergers and Acquisitions; Cybersecurity; Internet and the Web; International Relations; Laws and Statutes; Globalized Firms and Management
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      Friedman, Jeremy, Sarah Bauerle Danzman, and David Lane. "TikTok and National Security: Investment in an Age of Data Sovereignty?" Harvard Business School Case 722-020, May 2022.
      • March 2021 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (A)

      By: Shawn A. Cole, John Masko and T. Robert Zochowski
      In 2017, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) faced the first big investment decision in its new Scaling Solar project. Founded in 1956, IFC was an international investment body with national governments as shareholders, whose mission was to promote economic... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Equity; Bonds; Financing and Loans; Growth and Development; Emerging Markets; Non-Governmental Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Investment; Decision Making; Financial Services Industry; Energy Industry; Zambia
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      Cole, Shawn A., John Masko, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (A)." Harvard Business School Case 221-061, March 2021. (Revised April 2021.)
      • March 2021
      • Supplement

      Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (B)

      By: Shawn A. Cole, John Masko and T. Robert Zochowski
      In 2018, Thailand’s Bank of Ayudhya (known as Krungsri), was considering whether to participate in the first issue of a new financial instrument from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), known as a gender bond. Building on the success of the Green Bond program... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investment; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Equity; Bonds; Financing and Loans; Growth and Development; Emerging Markets; Non-Governmental Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Instruments; Gender; Financial Services Industry; Thailand
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      Cole, Shawn A., John Masko, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 221-081, March 2021.
      • Article

      Research: The Cost of a Single U.S. Immigration Restriction

      By: Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury and Britta Glennon
      On June 22, 2020, President Trump passed an Executive Order drastically cutting the number of highly skilled international workers eligible for non-immigrant visas to the U.S. To quantify the impact of this policy, the authors examined the immediate change in stock... View Details
      Keywords: Work Visas; H1-B; Restriction; Impact; Immigration; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Cost; Economy
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      Bahar, Dany, Prithwiraj Choudhury, and Britta Glennon. "Research: The Cost of a Single U.S. Immigration Restriction." Harvard Business Review (website) (January 22, 2021).
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Long-Run Returns to Private Equity in Emerging Markets

      By: Shawn Cole, Martin Melecky, Florian Mölders and Tristan Reed
      We provide the first evidence on the long-run returns to private equity in emerging and frontier markets using the cash flows from every equity investment made by the International Finance Corporation across 130 countries over 58 years. Risk-adjusted returns are... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Investment; Emerging Markets; Developing Countries and Economies; Investment Return
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      Cole, Shawn, Martin Melecky, Florian Mölders, and Tristan Reed. "Long-Run Returns to Private Equity in Emerging Markets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-138, June 2021. (Revised September 2024. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27870, September 2024)
      • September 2019
      • Technical Note

      Care Economy in the U.S. (Primer)

      By: Joseph B. Fuller, William R. Kerr, Manjari Raman and Carl Kreitzberg
      This case describes how caregiving responsibilities influence American employees, firms, and the broader economy. It details how sociodemographic trends in the late 20th century transformed the way that Americans balance their personal and professional lives, analyzing... View Details
      Keywords: Human Resources; Talent and Talent Management; Demographics; Labor; Health Care and Treatment; Family and Family Relationships; Strategy; Management; United States
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      Fuller, Joseph B., William R. Kerr, Manjari Raman, and Carl Kreitzberg. "Care Economy in the U.S. (Primer)." Harvard Business School Technical Note 820-027, September 2019.
      • November 2016
      • Article

      Spatial Organization of Firms and Location Choices Through the Value Chain

      By: Juan Alcacer and Mercedes Delgado
      We explore the impact of geographically bounded, intra-firm linkages (internal agglomerations) and geographically bounded, inter-firm linkages (external agglomerations) on firms' location strategies. Using data from the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Business Database,... View Details
      Keywords: Location Choices; Agglomeration Economies; Value Chain; Organization Theory; Geographic Location; Business Strategy
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      Alcacer, Juan, and Mercedes Delgado. "Spatial Organization of Firms and Location Choices Through the Value Chain." Management Science 62, no. 11 (November 2016).
      • May 2016 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      RegionFly: Cutting Costs in the Airline Industry

      By: Susanna Gallani and Eva Labro
      RegionFly is a small, private airline specializing in ultra-premium services. Founded shortly after the "Golden Age of airline travel," RegionFly's financial performance had been strong for several decades. More recently, however, the results have taken a downward... View Details
      Keywords: Recession; Downsizing; Profitability; Cost Management; Profit; Luxury; Competitive Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Divisions; Logistics; Decision Making; Strategic Planning; Air Transportation Industry
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      Gallani, Susanna, and Eva Labro. "RegionFly: Cutting Costs in the Airline Industry." Harvard Business School Case 116-047, May 2016. (Revised August 2022.)
      • January 2016
      • Case

      Haiti Hope: Innovating the Mango Value Chain

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Jean-François Harvey
      This case study examines a market-based approach to economic development through the eyes of NGO TechnoServe's project manager, implementing a US$9.5 million five-year public-private partnership between Coca-Cola, IDB, and USAID. The case ends at the beginning of the... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Economic Development; Corporate Social Responsibility; Emerging Country; Teaming; Public-private Partnership; Inter-organizational Relationships; Collaboration; Strategy Implementation; Agricultural Commodity; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Public Sector; Supply Chain Management; Customer Value and Value Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Learning; Partners and Partnerships; Private Sector; Developing Countries and Economies; Social Enterprise; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Haiti
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Jean-François Harvey. "Haiti Hope: Innovating the Mango Value Chain." Harvard Business School Case 616-040, January 2016.
      • 2015
      • Case

      Advanced Leadership Pathways: Robert Meaney and Technology for Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Renee Vuillaume
      Two Valmont Industries (an international leader in infrastructure products and services) colleagues, Robert (Bob) Meaney and Richard Berkland hoped to improve the lives of small and medium-sized farmers in the developing world through modern irrigation technology. In... View Details
      Keywords: Developing World; Farm; Farming; Small-scale Farmers; Agriculture; Agricultural Production; Water Management; Water; Leadership Skills; Agribusiness; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Leadership; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Africa; Ghana; Tanzania; Rwanda
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Renee Vuillaume. "Advanced Leadership Pathways: Robert Meaney and Technology for Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa." Harvard Business Publishing Case 316-059, 2015. (Harvard Advanced Leadership Initiative.)
      • October 2014 (Revised May 2017)
      • Teaching Note

      Pfizer and AstraZeneca: Marketing an Acquisition (A) & (B)

      By: John A. Quelch
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Pharmaceutical Companies; Economic Impact Of Mergers; Mergers Impact On International Economies; Impact On Consumers Of Mergers; Customers; Economics; Marketing; Planning; Strategy; Pharmaceutical Industry; Europe; North and Central America
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      Quelch, John A. "Pfizer and AstraZeneca: Marketing an Acquisition (A) & (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 515-047, October 2014. (Revised May 2017.)
      • 2014
      • Chapter

      Business History and the Impact of MNEs on Host Economies

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      Business history has long been recognized as providing an important dimension in international business studies. Much of this historical work has focused on mapping historical growth patterns of multinationals and exploring the determinants of their growth. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational; International Business; Business History; Culture; Globalization; History; Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America; North and Central America
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      Jones, Geoffrey. "Business History and the Impact of MNEs on Host Economies." In Multidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows. Vol. 16, edited by Jean J. Boddewyn, 177–198. Research in Global Strategic Management. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2014.
      • May 2014 (Revised March 2017)
      • Case

      Unilever's Lifebuoy in India: Implementing the Sustainability Plan

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett

      Unilever's new Global Brand VP must not only revitalize Lifebuoy soap's sagging market performance, but simultaneously impact the health of one billion people worldwide. The latter challenge comes from Unilever's new CEO who has introduced the Unilever Sustainable... View Details

      Keywords: Multinational Management; Corporate Social Responsibility; Strategy Implementation; Marketing Strategy; Mission And Purpose; Change Management; International Business; Global; Fast-moving Consumer Goods; Soap; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Care and Treatment; Environmental Sustainability; Global Strategy; Developing Countries and Economies; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Health Industry; India
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      Bartlett, Christopher A. "Unilever's Lifebuoy in India: Implementing the Sustainability Plan." Harvard Business School Case 914-417, May 2014. (Revised March 2017.)
      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      International Health Economics

      By: Mark Egan and Tomas J. Philipson
      Perhaps because health care is a local service sector, health economists have paid little attention to international linkages between domestic health care economies. However, the growth in domestic health care sectors is often attributed to medical innovations whose... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Innovation and Invention; Global Range; Economics
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      Egan, Mark, and Tomas J. Philipson. "International Health Economics." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 19280, August 2013.
      • 2013
      • Chapter

      Who Chooses Board Members?

      By: Ali Akyol and Lauren Cohen
      We exploit a recent regulation passed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to explore the nomination of board members to US publicly traded firms. In particular, we focus on firms’ use of executive search firms versus allowing internal members (often... View Details
      Keywords: Boards; Boards Of Directors; Executive Search Firms; Governance; SEC Regulation; Governing and Advisory Boards; Management Succession; Executive Compensation
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      Akyol, Ali, and Lauren Cohen. "Who Chooses Board Members?" In Advances in Financial Economics, Vol. 16, edited by Kose John, Anil K. Makhija, and Stephen P. Ferris, 43–77. Emerald Group Publishing, 2013.
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