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- November 2018 (Revised December 2020)
- Technical Note
Initial Coin Offerings in 2018
In 2018, Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) were an emerging fundraising method for blockchain-based projects. As the ecosystem grew, there were many open questions on regulation, pricing, and even which projects were a good fit for blockchain. However, there was already... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Initial Coin Offerings; ICO; Decentralization; Networks; Protocols; Entrepreneurship; Project Finance
Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Ramana Nanda, Robert F. White, and Nathaniel Schwalb. "Initial Coin Offerings in 2018." Harvard Business School Technical Note 819-057, November 2018. (Revised December 2020.)
- Article
The Hidden Costs of Initial Coin Offerings
By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Ramana Nanda
In recent years, much has been written about how the Blockchain is poised to transform traditional industries such as banking, real estate, and healthcare. More recently, it has gained attention as a way to finance new ventures, through what is known as an Initial Coin... View Details
Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Ramana Nanda. "The Hidden Costs of Initial Coin Offerings." Harvard Business Review (website) (November 7, 2018).
- November 2017 (Revised December 2017)
- Technical Note
Initial Coin Offerings
By: Ramana Nanda, Robert F. White and Alexey Tuzikov
Nanda, Ramana, Robert F. White, and Alexey Tuzikov. "Initial Coin Offerings." Harvard Business School Technical Note 818-067, November 2017. (Revised December 2017.)
- December 2022
- Article
Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Success and Post-ICO Performance
By: Evgeny Lyandres, Berardino Palazzo and Daniel Rabetti
We compile a comprehensive data set of initial coin offerings (ICOs) from 19 data sources including 11 ICO aggregators. We alleviate severe limitations of available ICO data by performing the first systematic analysis of ICO data quality. We use our data set to study... View Details
Lyandres, Evgeny, Berardino Palazzo, and Daniel Rabetti. "Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Success and Post-ICO Performance." Management Science 68, no. 12 (December 2022): 8658–8679.
- April 1996 (Revised May 1997)
- Case
Netscape's Initial Public Offering
By: W. Carl Kester and Kendall Backstrand
In August 1995, Netscape's board of directors was confronted with a decision about what price to offer the company's shares in its initial public offering (IPO). Preliminary demand for shares was high, but the company had not generated any positive earnings at the time... View Details
Keywords: Initial Public Offering; Information Technology; Problems and Challenges; Valuation; Governing and Advisory Boards; Information Technology Industry
Kester, W. Carl, and Kendall Backstrand. "Netscape's Initial Public Offering." Harvard Business School Case 296-088, April 1996. (Revised May 1997.)
- June 1997 (Revised March 2001)
- Case
Genset Initial Public Offering (A)
By: Paul A. Gompers and Jeffrey M. Anapolsky
Pascal Brandys, founder and CEO of Genset, must decide whether to take this young biotechnology company public. If so, should he do a dual offering in both France and the U.S.? The case also explores the business models in genomics research. View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Initial Public Offering; Genetics; Going Public; Management Teams; Biotechnology Industry; France; United States
Gompers, Paul A., and Jeffrey M. Anapolsky. "Genset Initial Public Offering (A)." Harvard Business School Case 297-096, June 1997. (Revised March 2001.)
- 2015
- Working Paper
Initial Offer Precision and M&A Outcomes
By: Petri Hukkanen and Matti Keloharju
Building on recent research in social psychology, this paper analyzes the link between the precision of initial cash offers and M&A outcomes. About one-half of the offers are made at the precision of $1 or $5 per share, and an additional one-third at the precision of... View Details
Hukkanen, Petri, and Matti Keloharju. "Initial Offer Precision and M&A Outcomes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-058, November 2015.
- June 1997 (Revised September 1997)
- Case
Genset Initial Public Offering (B)
By: Paul A. Gompers and Jeffrey M. Anapolsky
Supplements the (A) case. View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Initial Public Offering; Genetics; Going Public; Management Teams; Biotechnology Industry; France; United States
Gompers, Paul A., and Jeffrey M. Anapolsky. "Genset Initial Public Offering (B)." Harvard Business School Case 297-097, June 1997. (Revised September 1997.)
- May 2018 (Revised January 2019)
- Case
AirFox (A): Embracing the Blockchain and an ICO
By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang, Edward B. Berk and Nate Schwalb
In summer 2017, Victor Santos, CEO of AirFox, considered whether to pivot his startup towards a new product built with blockchain—a quickly growing technology at the time. AirFox was an early stage startup that sold Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) to small telecom... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Initial Coin Offering; ICO; Business Startups; Finance; Currency; Strategy; Decision Making; United States
Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Edward B. Berk, and Nate Schwalb. "AirFox (A): Embracing the Blockchain and an ICO." Harvard Business School Case 818-097, May 2018. (Revised January 2019.)
- November 2018 (Revised June 2022)
- Teaching Note
AirFox (A): Embracing the Blockchain and an ICO
By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Nathaniel Schwalb
Teaching Note for HBS No. 818-097. In summer 2017, Victor Santos, CEO of AirFox, considered whether to pivot his startup towards a new product built with blockchain—a quickly growing technology at the time. AirFox was an early stage startup that sold... View Details
- July 1997
- Teaching Note
Netscape's Initial Public Offering (TN)
By: W. Carl Kester
Teaching Note for (9-296-088). View Details
- Article
The Role of Lockups in Initial Public Offerings
By: Alon Brav and Paul A. Gompers
In a sample of 2,794 initial public offerings (IPOs), we test three potential explanations for the existence of IPO lockups: lockups serve as (i) a signal of firm quality, (ii) a commitment device to alleviate moral hazard problems, or (iii) a mechanism for... View Details
Keywords: Initial Public Offering; Quality; Moral Sensibility; Compensation and Benefits; Venture Capital; Problems and Challenges; Stock Shares; Going Public
Brav, Alon, and Paul A. Gompers. "The Role of Lockups in Initial Public Offerings." Review of Financial Studies 16, no. 1 (Spring 2003).
- November 2023
- Article
Brokerage House Initial Public Offerings and Analyst Forecast Quality
By: Mark Bradshaw, Michael Drake, Joseph Pacelli and Brady Twedt
We examine how brokerage firm initial public offerings (IPOs) influence the research quality of sell-side analysts employed by the brokerage. Our main results focus on earnings forecast bias and absolute forecast errors as proxies for research quality. Using a... View Details
Keywords: IPOs; Research Analysts; ＂Brokerage Industry; Initial Public Offering; Employees; Behavior; Outcome or Result
Bradshaw, Mark, Michael Drake, Joseph Pacelli, and Brady Twedt. "Brokerage House Initial Public Offerings and Analyst Forecast Quality." Management Science 69, no. 11 (November 2023): 7079–7094.
- November 2017 (Revised November 2018)
- Technical Note
Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies and Digital Assets
By: Ramana Nanda, Robert F. White and Alexey Tuzikov
Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Initial Coin Offering; ICO; Finance; Entrepreneurship; Financial Services Industry
Nanda, Ramana, Robert F. White, and Alexey Tuzikov. "Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies and Digital Assets." Harvard Business School Technical Note 818-066, November 2017. (Revised November 2018.)
- October 1999 (Revised July 2007)
- Background Note
A Note on the Initial Public Offering Process
By: Josh Lerner
Provides an overview of the going public process. View Details
Lerner, Josh. "A Note on the Initial Public Offering Process." Harvard Business School Background Note 200-018, October 1999. (Revised July 2007.)
- May 1999
- Teaching Note
Genset Initial Public Offering (A) & (B) TN
By: Paul A. Gompers
Teaching Note for (9-297-096) and (9-297-097). View Details
- October 2003
- Article
The Determinants of Board Structure at the Initial Public Offering
By: Malcolm Baker and Paul Gompers
This paper describes board size and composition and investigates the role of venture capital in a sample of 1,116 firms' initial public offerings. First, firms backed by venture capital have fewer insider and instrumental directors and more independent... View Details
Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards; Venture Capital; Initial Public Offering; Managerial Roles; Power and Influence
Baker, Malcolm, and Paul Gompers. "The Determinants of Board Structure at the Initial Public Offering." Journal of Law & Economics 46, no. 2 (October 2003): 569–598.
- December 1999
- Article
The Human Resource Executive Effect in Initial Public Offering Firms
By: Linda Ann Cyr and T. M. Welbourne
Cyr, Linda Ann, and T. M. Welbourne. "The Human Resource Executive Effect in Initial Public Offering Firms." Academy of Management Journal 42, no. 6 (December 1999): 616–629.
- 2008
- Other Paper
Why Experienced Venture Capitalists Leave Money on the Table: Evidence from Initial Public Offerings
By: P. Gompers, A. Brav and Timothy Dore
- July 2009 (Revised June 2015)
- Case
Citigroup's Exchange Offer
By: Robin Greenwood and James Quinn
Citigroup faced considerable distress in early 2009. In late 2008, the bank had accepted $45 billion in preferred equity from the United States government via the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP). Yet, the stock had continued to slide in early 2009. In late... View Details
Keywords: Financial Crisis; Capital Markets; Banks and Banking; Stocks; Price; Globalized Markets and Industries; Financial Services Industry
Greenwood, Robin, and James Quinn. "Citigroup's Exchange Offer." Harvard Business School Case 210-009, July 2009. (Revised June 2015.)