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      • November 2024
      • Supplement

      AlphaGo (C): Birth of a New Intelligence

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
      This case, the final of a three-part series, explores DeepMind's pivotal transition from mastering games to solving real-world scientific challenges. In December 2020, DeepMind's AI system AlphaFold 2 achieved a breakthrough by solving protein folding—a 50-year-old... View Details
      Keywords: Autonomy; Deep Learning; Drug Discovery; Healthcare Innovation; Neural Networks; Scientific Research; Technology Startup; AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Research and Development; Business Model; Business Strategy; Open Source Distribution; Technology Industry; United States
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "AlphaGo (C): Birth of a New Intelligence." Harvard Business School Supplement 825-075, November 2024.
      • September 2024 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Epic: The Future of Health Information Technology

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Brian L. Walker
      How should the founder and leadership team of a health IT company with more than 45 years of market leadership prepare for the future, while navigating founder transitions and industry changes? Founded by Judy Faulkner in the late 1970s, Epic pioneered electronic... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Entrepreneurship; Health Care and Treatment; Private Ownership; Customer Focus and Relationships; Information Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Business Strategy; Competition; Health Industry; Electronics Industry; Information Technology Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Brian L. Walker. "Epic: The Future of Health Information Technology." Harvard Business School Case 325-028, September 2024. (Revised March 2025.)
      • May 2024
      • Case

      SofMedica Group: Managing Growth

      By: Boris Groysberg and Sarah L. Abbott
      SofMedica Group had expanded from its origins as a medical equipment distributor in Romania to a holding company with four business lines operating in six countries. This expansion had been driven by SofMedica’s mission: to make cutting edge medical technology... View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Healthcare Access; Healthcare; Medical Devices; Medical Equipment & Devices; Medical Care; Eastern Europe; Quality Management System; Health Care and Treatment; Growth Management; Education; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Quality; Leadership; Mission and Purpose; Expansion; Developing Countries and Economies; Technological Innovation; Health Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Europe; Romania
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Sarah L. Abbott. "SofMedica Group: Managing Growth." Harvard Business School Case 424-027, May 2024.
      • September 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 123-075. In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Access To Care; Healthcare; Healthcare Access; Innovation; Social Impact; Affordable; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation and Invention; Product Development; Resource Allocation; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 124-028, September 2023.
      • August 2023 (Revised October 2023)
      • Case

      Beyond the Barricades: Chile 2023

      By: Debora Spar, Willis Emmons, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Ruth Costas
      Chile, often considered among Latin America's greatest economic success stories, suffered a shocking wave of protests in October 2019, as its citizens demanded reforms across healthcare and education systems, and protested inequality and rising costs of living. As... View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Public Opinion; Equality and Inequality; Public Administration Industry; Chile; Latin America; South America
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      Spar, Debora, Willis Emmons, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Ruth Costas. "Beyond the Barricades: Chile 2023." Harvard Business School Case 324-005, August 2023. (Revised October 2023.)
      • August 2023
      • Article

      Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations Using TalkToModel

      By: Dylan Slack, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Sameer Singh
      Practitioners increasingly use machine learning (ML) models, yet models have become more complex and harder to understand. To understand complex models, researchers have proposed techniques to explain model predictions. However, practitioners struggle to use... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Technology Adoption
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      Slack, Dylan, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Sameer Singh. "Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations Using TalkToModel." Nature Machine Intelligence 5, no. 8 (August 2023): 873–883.
      • June 2023
      • Supplement

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim
      In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainable Finance; Growth Strategy And Execution; Sustainability Targets; Impact Evaluation; Healthcare Access; Healthcare Innovation; Healthcare Systems; Healthcare Operations; Finance; Strategy; Health Testing and Trials; Health Care and Treatment; Growth Management; Measurement and Metrics; Innovation Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Switzerland; North America; Europe; Asia; Latin America; Africa
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      Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 123-713, June 2023.
      • April 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Background Note

      Note on Healthcare in Ghana

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      This note provides an overview of the healthcare system in Ghana. It discusses the public and private sector as well as traditional medical practice. It also discusses the country’s pharmaceutical industry. It is recommended as a companion to Professor Regina... View Details
      Keywords: Africa; Pharmaceutical Companies; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; Health Care; Health Care Costs; Health Care Delivery; Health Care Entrepreneurship; Telehealth; Health Equity; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Health Care and Treatment; Business and Government Relations; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Ghana
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Note on Healthcare in Ghana." Harvard Business School Background Note 323-112, April 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • March 2023 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Close Concerns: Diabetes Research and Advocacy

      By: Regina Herzlinger and Brian L. Walker
      Diagnosed with diabetes at the age of 18, Kelly Close understood the importance of balancing consistency and iteration. This principle had also informed her professional work, which started with a rapid promotion from financial analyst at Goldman Sachs to an analyst... View Details
      Keywords: Diabetes; Health; Health Care; Health Care And Treatment; Health Care Outcomes; Health Care Industry; Knowledge Dissemination; Outcome or Result; Equality and Inequality; Business Model; Entrepreneurship
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      Herzlinger, Regina, and Brian L. Walker. "Close Concerns: Diabetes Research and Advocacy." Harvard Business School Case 323-047, March 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • March 2023
      • Case

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim, Susanna Gallani and Benjamin Maletta
      In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainable Finance; Growth Strategy And Execution; Sustainability Targets; Impact Evaluation; Healthcare Access; Healthcare Innovation; Healthcare Systems; Healthcare Operations; Finance; Strategy; Health Testing and Trials; Health Care and Treatment; Growth Management; Measurement and Metrics; Innovation Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Switzerland; North America; Europe; Asia; Latin America; Africa
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      Serafeim, George, Susanna Gallani, and Benjamin Maletta. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Case 123-075, March 2023.
      • Article

      A Career Life-Cycle Perspective on Women's Health and Safety

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Chizoba L. Chukwura, Gregory H. Gorman, Vivian S. Lee, Chester B. Good, Kathleen L. Martin, Gregory A. Ator and Michael D. Parkinson
      Women's health has demanded more attention from employers as women integrated into the workforce. Traditionally male-dominant fields and occupations require special attention to workplace design, physical standards for entry, employment practices, equipment, and health... View Details
      Keywords: Women's Health; Healthcare Access; Workplace Design; Military Health System; Occupational Health; Medical Equipment & Devices; Employees; Gender; Personal Development and Career
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Chizoba L. Chukwura, Gregory H. Gorman, Vivian S. Lee, Chester B. Good, Kathleen L. Martin, Gregory A. Ator, and Michael D. Parkinson. "A Career Life-Cycle Perspective on Women's Health and Safety." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 64, no. 4 (April 2022): 267–270.
      • March 5, 2022
      • Article

      Hospital Capacity Shortages: An SEC-Backed Transparency “PULL” Will Open Beds Faster Than a “PUSH” by HHS

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger
      In the new normal of ongoing pandemics, hospital bed shortages will continue. Healthcare innovation expert and author of the upcoming book Innovating in Healthcare: Creating Breakthrough Services, Products, and Business Models (Wiley, 2023, 978-1119543008), HBS... View Details
      Keywords: Hospital Capacity; Access To Care; Health Pandemics; Health Care and Treatment; Performance Capacity; Planning
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      Herzlinger, Regina E. "Hospital Capacity Shortages: An SEC-Backed Transparency “PULL” Will Open Beds Faster Than a “PUSH” by HHS." Healthcare Business Today (March 5, 2022).
      • February 8, 2022
      • Article

      Time-Driven Activity-Based Cost Comparison of Treating Five Acute, Low-Severity Conditions

      By: Alan Yang, Andy Hung-Yi Lee, Joseph W. Kopp, Katherine D. Rose, Adam M. Licurse, Philip D. Anderson and Robert S. Kaplan
      In 2017, patients made 145 million visits to emergency departments (EDs), generating $76.3 billion in charges. About a third of ED visits, however, were for conditions that were treatable in lower-resourced settings. We used time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC)... View Details
      Keywords: Time-Driven ABC; Health Care Costs; Activity Based Costing and Management; Health Care and Treatment
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      Yang, Alan, Andy Hung-Yi Lee, Joseph W. Kopp, Katherine D. Rose, Adam M. Licurse, Philip D. Anderson, and Robert S. Kaplan. "Time-Driven Activity-Based Cost Comparison of Treating Five Acute, Low-Severity Conditions." NEJM Catalyst (February 8, 2022).
      • Article

      Costs Without Value When Treating Pediatric Behavioral Patients in the ED

      By: Marcella Jewell, Syed S. Shehab, Robert S. Kaplan, Jack Fanton and Joeli Hettler
      Pediatric Emergency Department (ED) visits have greatly increased in recent years. An academic pediatric ED that annually treats about 1,000 behavioral health patients conducted a study to assess the true cost of caring for nonacute behavioral health patients. It... View Details
      Keywords: Costs; Value; Healthcare; Health Care and Treatment; Cost Management
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      Jewell, Marcella, Syed S. Shehab, Robert S. Kaplan, Jack Fanton, and Joeli Hettler. "Costs Without Value When Treating Pediatric Behavioral Patients in the ED." NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery 3, no. 2 (February 2022).
      • January–February 2022
      • Article

      Mobilizing the U.S. Military’s TRICARE Program for Value-Based Care: A Report From the Defense Health Board

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Paul R. Schaettle, Vivian S. Lee, Michael D. Parkinson, Gregory H. Gorman and Michael-Anne Browne
      The U.S. Military Health System spends about $50 billion annually through its TRICARE health plans to provide care to 9.6 million active duty service members, retirees, and their families. TRICARE, historically, has used the predominant U.S. fee-for-service payment... View Details
      Keywords: Military Health System; Value-based Healthcare; Health Care and Treatment; United States
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Paul R. Schaettle, Vivian S. Lee, Michael D. Parkinson, Gregory H. Gorman, and Michael-Anne Browne. "Mobilizing the U.S. Military’s TRICARE Program for Value-Based Care: A Report From the Defense Health Board." Military Medicine 187, nos. 1-2 (January–February 2022): 12–16.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Rethinking Explainability as a Dialogue: A Practitioner's Perspective

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Dylan Slack, Yuxin Chen, Chenhao Tan and Sameer Singh
      As practitioners increasingly deploy machine learning models in critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and policy, it becomes vital to ensure that domain experts function effectively alongside these models. Explainability is one way to bridge the gap between... View Details
      Keywords: Natural Language Conversations; AI and Machine Learning; Experience and Expertise; Interactive Communication; Business and Stakeholder Relations
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Dylan Slack, Yuxin Chen, Chenhao Tan, and Sameer Singh. "Rethinking Explainability as a Dialogue: A Practitioner's Perspective." Working Paper, 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations

      By: Dylan Slack, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Sameer Singh
      Practitioners increasingly use machine learning (ML) models, yet they have become more complex and harder to understand. To address this issue, researchers have proposed techniques to explain model predictions. However, practitioners struggle to use explainability... View Details
      Keywords: Natural Language Conversations; Predictive Models; AI and Machine Learning
      Citation
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      Slack, Dylan, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Sameer Singh. "TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations." Working Paper, 2022.
      • Article

      Social Technology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Improving Care for Older Adults

      By: Arthur Kleinman, Hongtu Chen, Sue E. Levkoff, Ann Forsyth, David E. Bloom, Winnie Yip, Tarun Khanna, Conor J. Walsh, David Perry, Ellen W. Seely, Anne S. Kleinman, Yan Zhang, Yuan Wang, Jun Jing, Tianshu Pan, Ning An, Zhenggang Bai, Jiexiu Wang, Qing Liu and Fawwaz Habbal
      Population aging is a defining demographic reality of our era. It is associated with an increase in the societal burden of delivering care to older adults with chronic conditions or frailty. How to integrate global population aging and technology development to help... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Age; Service Delivery; Information Technology; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Kleinman, Arthur, Hongtu Chen, Sue E. Levkoff, Ann Forsyth, David E. Bloom, Winnie Yip, Tarun Khanna, Conor J. Walsh, David Perry, Ellen W. Seely, Anne S. Kleinman, Yan Zhang, Yuan Wang, Jun Jing, Tianshu Pan, Ning An, Zhenggang Bai, Jiexiu Wang, Qing Liu, and Fawwaz Habbal. "Social Technology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Improving Care for Older Adults." Art. 729149. Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2021).
      • Article

      Transparency as a Solution for the Hospital Capacity Problem

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger
      COVID dramatically clarified a shortcoming in our great healthcare system, but like everything in the world, it has its shortcomings. What we see through the apex of COVID is that many hospitals in hotspot areas cannot provide an adequate supply of beds. Although the... View Details
      Keywords: Hospital Capacity; Health Care and Treatment; Performance Capacity; Planning; Cooperation
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      Herzlinger, Regina E. "Transparency as a Solution for the Hospital Capacity Problem." Ohio State Law Journal 82, no. 5 (December 2021): 787–794.
      • October 2021 (Revised February 2022)
      • Case

      Hospital 57357: Aligning Performance Towards a Vision of a Cancer-Free Childhood

      By: Susanna Gallani and Youssef Abdel Aal
      The case follows the Children Cancer Hospital in Egypt, also known as Hospital 57357, as it goes through the roll-out of a new performance management system, which Dr. Sherif Abouel Naga, founder and CEO of the hospital, had championed. This was a critical juncture as... View Details
      Keywords: Healthcare; Performance Management; Performance Incentives; Strategic Alignment; Health Care and Treatment; Nonprofit Organizations; Strategy; Alignment; Performance Evaluation; Mission and Purpose; Change Management; Health Industry; Egypt; Middle East
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      Gallani, Susanna, and Youssef Abdel Aal. "Hospital 57357: Aligning Performance Towards a Vision of a Cancer-Free Childhood." Harvard Business School Case 122-041, October 2021. (Revised February 2022.)
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