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Publications

Publications

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    • Faculty Publications  (56)

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    • All HBS Web  (232)
      • Faculty Publications  (56)

      Gender InequalityRemove Gender Inequality →

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Pushing the Envelope: The Effects of Salary Negotiations

      By: Zoë B. Cullen, Bobak Pakzad-Hurson and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      Salary negotiations are a widespread phenomenon that can shape key labor market outcomes, such as welfare and inequality. We provide novel empirical and theoretical insights into the causes and consequences of salary negotiations. We conducted two field experiments... View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Negotiation; Policy; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Welfare
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      Cullen, Zoë B., Bobak Pakzad-Hurson, and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "Pushing the Envelope: The Effects of Salary Negotiations." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 33903, June 2025.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?

      By: Paula Rettl, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi and Sergi Pardos-Prado
      The growing participation of women in the labor market has marked a significant societal transformation, coinciding with the rise of gender conservatism and far-right support. We study whether the economic consequences of labor market feminization and gender backlash... View Details
      Keywords: Gender Bias; Gender Equality; Gender Inclusivity; Politics; Political Backlash; Political Culture; Conservatism; Gender; Government and Politics; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Labor
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      Rettl, Paula, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi, and Sergi Pardos-Prado. "A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-022, November 2024.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI

      By: Nicholas G. Otis, Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney and Rembrand Koning
      Generative AI has the potential to transform productivity and reduce inequality, but only if adopted broadly. In this paper, we show that recently identified gender gaps in generative AI use are nearly universal. Synthesizing data from 18 studies covering more than... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Technology Adoption; Behavior
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      Otis, Nicholas G., Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney, and Rembrand Koning. "Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-023, October 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • October 2024
      • Article

      Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective

      By: Sanaz Mobasseri, William A. Kahn and Robin J. Ely
      This paper uses systems psychodynamic concepts to develop theory about the persistence of racial inequality in U.S. organizations and to inform an approach for disrupting it. We treat White men as the dominant group and Black people as the archetypal subordinate group... View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Race; Prejudice and Bias; Organizational Culture; Gender; Power and Influence; Employees; Attitudes
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      Mobasseri, Sanaz, William A. Kahn, and Robin J. Ely. "Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective." Academy of Management Review 49, no. 4 (October 2024): 718–745.
      • September 2024
      • Article

      Gender Gaps: Back and Here to Stay? Evidence from Skilled Ugandan Workers During COVID-19

      By: Livia Alfonsi, Mary Namubiru and Sara Spaziani
      We investigate gender disparities in the effect of COVID-19 on the labor market outcomes of skilled Ugandan workers. Leveraging a high-frequency panel dataset, we find that the lockdowns imposed in Uganda reduced employment by 69% for women and by 45% for men,... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Wage Gap; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Employment; Wages; Uganda
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      Alfonsi, Livia, Mary Namubiru, and Sara Spaziani. "Gender Gaps: Back and Here to Stay? Evidence from Skilled Ugandan Workers During COVID-19." Review of Economics of the Household 22, no. 3 (September 2024): 999–1046.
      • July 2024
      • Article

      A (Dynamic) Investigation of Stereotypes, Belief-Updating, and Behavior

      By: Katherine B. Coffman, Paola Ugalde Araya and Basit Zafar
      Many decisions—such as what educational or career path to pursue—are dynamic in nature, with individuals receiving feedback at one point in time and making decisions later. Using a controlled experiment, with two sessions one week apart, we analyze the dynamic effects... View Details
      Keywords: Feedback; Beliefs; Stereotypes; Self-assessment; Gender Gap; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Perception; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Coffman, Katherine B., Paola Ugalde Araya, and Basit Zafar. "A (Dynamic) Investigation of Stereotypes, Belief-Updating, and Behavior." Economic Inquiry 62, no. 3 (July 2024): 957–983.
      • June 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Beamery: Using Skills and AI to Modernize HR

      By: Boris Groysberg, David Lane, Susan Pinckney and Alexis Lefort
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 424-004. Unicorn human relationships startup Beamery evaluates it growth versus depth strategy as its strategic partners and customers could become future competitors in a quickly changing AI based human resources and talent management... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Startups; Business Plan; Disruption; Transformation; Talent and Talent Management; Decisions; Diversity; Ethnicity; Gender; Nationality; Race; Residency; Higher Education; Learning; Entrepreneurship; Fairness; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Growth and Development; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Platforms; Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Job Offer; Job Search; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Product; Mission and Purpose; Strategic Planning; Problems and Challenges; Corporate Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Valuation; Value Creation; Employment Industry; United Kingdom
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      Groysberg, Boris, David Lane, Susan Pinckney, and Alexis Lefort. "Beamery: Using Skills and AI to Modernize HR." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 424-072, June 2024.
      • July 2023
      • Article

      The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap

      By: Zoë B. Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      Offices are social places. Employees and managers take breaks together and talk about family and hobbies. In this study, we show that employees’ social interactions with their managers can be advantageous for their careers, and that this phenomenon contributes to the... View Details
      Keywords: Career; Promotions; Social Interactions; Networking; Interpersonal Communication; Familiarity; Equality and Inequality; Gender
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      Cullen, Zoë B., and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap." American Economic Review 113, no. 7 (July 2023): 1703–1740. (Lead Article.)
      • June 2023
      • Article

      The Salary Taboo: Privacy Norms and the Diffusion of Information

      By: Zoë Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      The limited diffusion of salary information has implications for labor markets, such as wage discrimination policies and collective bargaining. Access to salary information is believed to be limited and unequal, but there is little direct evidence on the sources of... View Details
      Keywords: Search Costs; Privacy; Norms; Compensation; Financial Industry; Field Experiment; Knowledge Dissemination; Equality and Inequality; Gender; Compensation and Benefits; Societal Protocols
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      Cullen, Zoë, and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "The Salary Taboo: Privacy Norms and the Diffusion of Information." Art. 104890. Journal of Public Economics 222 (June 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Setting Gendered Expectations? Recruiter Outreach Bias in Online Tech Training Programs

      By: Jacqueline N. Lane, Karim R. Lakhani and Roberto Fernandez
      Competence development in digital technologies, analytics, and artificial intelligence is increasingly important to all types of organizations and their workforce. Universities and corporations are investing heavily in developing training programs, at all tenure... View Details
      Keywords: STEM; Selection and Staffing; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Training; Equality and Inequality; Competency and Skills
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      Lane, Jacqueline N., Karim R. Lakhani, and Roberto Fernandez. "Setting Gendered Expectations? Recruiter Outreach Bias in Online Tech Training Programs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-066, April 2023. (Accepted by Organization Science.)
      • February 13, 2023
      • Editorial

      The Secret Tax on Women’s Time

      By: Lauren C. Howe, Lindsay B. Howe and Ashley V. Whillans
      When studies revealed the so-called pink tax, showing in 2015 that personal hygiene products “for her” cost 13% more than similar products for men, it caused outrage and action. The irony that women, despite generally having fewer financial resources than men, are... View Details
      Keywords: Gender; Equality and Inequality; Work-Life Balance
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      Howe, Lauren C., Lindsay B. Howe, and Ashley V. Whillans. "The Secret Tax on Women’s Time." Time 201, nos. 5-6 (February 13, 2023): 29.
      • September 2022
      • Case

      HPP: Tapping the Netherlands’ Potential

      By: Brian Trelstad and Idelès Kaandorp
      Stichting Het Potentieel Pakken (HPP) was launched to solve a systemic problem in the Dutch Labor Market: gender inequity that was leading to a large number of women to work part-time in fields that were in desperately short supply of labor, like health care, child... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Grants; Scaling And Growth; Nonprofit Organizations; Opportunities; Gender; Income; Employment; Health Care and Treatment; Human Capital; Mission and Purpose; Motivation and Incentives; Growth and Development Strategy; Employment Industry; Health Industry; Education Industry; Consulting Industry; Europe; Netherlands
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Idelès Kaandorp. "HPP: Tapping the Netherlands’ Potential." Harvard Business School Case 323-024, September 2022.
      • March 2022
      • Teaching Note

      Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham

      By: Katherine Coffman and Olivia Hull
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 921-006, “Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham." This case invites students to explore the individual and structural factors that lead to an under-representation of women in male-dominated domains, and to think critically about... View Details
      Keywords: Inclusion; Gender Gap; Gender Inclusivity; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
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      Coffman, Katherine, and Olivia Hull. "Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 922-014, March 2022.
      • March 8, 2022
      • Article

      Women Can’t Go Back to the Pre-Pandemic Status Quo

      By: Colleen Ammerman and Boris Groysberg
      Survey data collected in 2018 and 2019 from Harvard Business School graduates revealed that for women—and especially women of color—well-being at work was suffering long before the pandemic. While 17% of all respondents said that they often or very often experienced... View Details
      Keywords: Women; Burnout; Gender; Race; Resignation and Termination; Well-being; Employees
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      Ammerman, Colleen, and Boris Groysberg. "Women Can’t Go Back to the Pre-Pandemic Status Quo." Harvard Business Review (website) (March 8, 2022).
      • Article

      When Seeking Help, Women and Racial/Ethnic Minorities Benefit from Explicitly Stating Their Identity

      By: Erika L. Kirgios, Aneesh Rai, Edward H. Chang and Katherine L. Milkman
      Receiving help can make or break a career, but women and racial/ethnic minorities do not always receive the support they seek. Across two audit experiments—one with politicians and another with students—as well as an online experiment (total n = 5,145), we test whether... View Details
      Keywords: Support; Marginalized Communities; Personal Development and Career; Equality and Inequality; Identity; Race; Gender; Communication Intention and Meaning
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      Kirgios, Erika L., Aneesh Rai, Edward H. Chang, and Katherine L. Milkman. "When Seeking Help, Women and Racial/Ethnic Minorities Benefit from Explicitly Stating Their Identity." Nature Human Behaviour 6, no. 3 (March 2022): 383–391.
      • 11 Feb 2022
      • Lecture

      Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work-Family Narrative as a Social Defense Against the 24/7 Work Culture

      By: Irene Padavic and Robin J. Ely
      Are women’s family responsibilities the reason for their stalled advancement?

      Conventional wisdom says “yes.” But is it true? When companies create solutions to address work-life conflict instead of rethinking the 24/7 work culture, they find their... View Details
      Keywords: Gender; Equality and Inequality; Work-Life Balance
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      "Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work-Family Narrative as a Social Defense Against the 24/7 Work Culture." Lecture at the Kanter Lecture, Purdue University, Center for Families, February 11, 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Article

      Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives

      By: Boris Groysberg, Paul M. Healy and Eric Lin
      The authors investigate what determines differences in change in pay between men and women executives who move to new employers. Using proprietary data of 2,034 executive placements from a global search firm, the authors observe narrower pay differences between men and... View Details
      Keywords: Executive Pay; Executive Labor Market; Gender Pay Gap; External Recruitment; Executive Compensation; Gender; Human Capital
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      Groysberg, Boris, Paul M. Healy, and Eric Lin. "Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives." Industrial & Labor Relations Review 75, no. 1 (January 2022): 168–199.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective

      By: Sanaz Mobasseri, William Kahn and Robin Ely
      This paper uses systems psychodynamic concepts to develop a theory about the persistence of racial inequality in U.S. companies, treating White men as the dominant group and Black people as an illustrative subordinate group. We theorize that this persistence is rooted... View Details
      Keywords: Systems Psychodynamics; Organizational Inequality; Masculinity; Equality and Inequality; Race; Gender; Identity; Power and Influence
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      Mobasseri, Sanaz, William Kahn, and Robin Ely. "Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-052, December 2021. (Revised September 2022.)
      • November 2021
      • Teaching Note

      Glass-Shattering Leaders

      By: Boris Groysberg and Colleen Ammerman
      Teaching Notes for HBS Case Nos. 421-070, 421-071, 421-072, 421-073, 421-074, and 421-075. View Details
      Keywords: Gender Equality; Allyship; Leadership; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Power and Influence
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Colleen Ammerman. "Glass-Shattering Leaders." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 422-038, October 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Business of K-12 Education in China

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Yuhai Wu
      This working paper examines the evolution of K-12 education in China, especially between 1985 and the present day, drawing extensive interviews with participants in the educational sector. China has been hugely successful in reaching almost 100 percent literacy,... View Details
      Keywords: K-12 Education; China; Real Estate; Early Childhood Education; Performance Evaluation; Teaching; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Personal Development and Career; Social Issues; Nonprofit Organizations; Private Sector; Education Industry; Real Estate Industry; China
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Yuhai Wu. "The Business of K-12 Education in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-022, October 2021.
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