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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (229)
      • Faculty Publications  (70)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Tax Planning, Illiquidity, and Credit Risks: Evidence from DeFi Lending

      By: Lisa De Simone, Peiyi Jin and Daniel Rabetti
      This study establishes a plausible causal link between tax-planning-induced illiquidity and credit risks in lending markets. Exploiting an exogenous tax shock imposed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) on cryptocurrency gains, along with millions of transactions in... View Details
      Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Taxation; Financial Liquidity; Credit; Financing and Loans; Financial Markets
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      De Simone, Lisa, Peiyi Jin, and Daniel Rabetti. "Tax Planning, Illiquidity, and Credit Risks: Evidence from DeFi Lending." Working Paper, February 2025.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      How Do Global Portfolio Investors Hedge Currency Risk?

      By: Robin Greenwood and Alex Cheema-Fox
      We use monthly portfolio data from one of the world’s largest custodian banks, with over $40 trillion assets under custody, to study how global portfolio investors hedge foreign exchange risk in their equity and fixed income portfolios over the past 25 years. The data... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Portfolio; Investment Funds; Currency; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Greenwood, Robin, and Alex Cheema-Fox. "How Do Global Portfolio Investors Hedge Currency Risk?" Working Paper, October 2024.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Bank Capital and the Growth of Private Credit

      By: Sergey Chernenko, Robert Ialenti and David Scharfstein
      We show that business development companies (BDCs)—closed-end funds that provide a significant share of nonbank loans to middle market firms—are very well capitalized according to bank capital frameworks. They have median risk-based capital ratios of about 36%... View Details
      Keywords: Financing and Loans; Capital; Credit; Financial Institutions
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      Chernenko, Sergey, Robert Ialenti, and David Scharfstein. "Bank Capital and the Growth of Private Credit." Working Paper, March 2025.
      • June 2024
      • Article

      Going Digital: Implications for Firm Value and Performance

      By: Wilbur Chen and Suraj Srinivasan
      We examine firm value and performance implications of the growing trend of non-technology companies engaging in digital transformation. We measure digital activities in firms based on the disclosure of digital words in the business description section of 10-Ks. Digital... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Technologies; Valuation; Return Predictability; Financial Statement Analysis; Performance; Value; Information Technology
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      Chen, Wilbur, and Suraj Srinivasan. "Going Digital: Implications for Firm Value and Performance." Review of Accounting Studies 29, no. 2 (June 2024): 1619–1665.
      • April 2024
      • Article

      Model-based Financial Regulations Impair the Transition to Net-zero Carbon Emissions

      By: Matteo Gasparini, Matthew C. Ives, Ben Carr, Sophie Fry and Eric Beinhocker
      Investments via the financial system are essential for fostering the green transition. However, the role of existing financial regulations in influencing investment decisions is understudied. Here we analyse data from the European Banking Authority to show that... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Investment; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Energy Sources
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      Gasparini, Matteo, Matthew C. Ives, Ben Carr, Sophie Fry, and Eric Beinhocker. "Model-based Financial Regulations Impair the Transition to Net-zero Carbon Emissions." Nature Climate Change 14, no. 5 (April 2024): 434–435.
      • Spring 2024
      • Article

      The Evolution of Banking in the 21st Century: Evidence and Regulatory Implications

      By: Samuel Gregory Hanson, Victoria Ivashina, Laura Nicolae, Jeremy C. Stein, Adi Sunderam and Daniel K. Tarullo
      As revealed by the failures of three regional banks in the spring of 2023, bank runs are not a thing of the past. To inform the ongoing discussion of the appropriate regulatory response, we examine trends in the banking industry over the last twenty-five years. On the... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Instruments; Financial Crisis; Assets; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Financial Condition; Banking Industry
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      Hanson, Samuel Gregory, Victoria Ivashina, Laura Nicolae, Jeremy C. Stein, Adi Sunderam, and Daniel K. Tarullo. "The Evolution of Banking in the 21st Century: Evidence and Regulatory Implications." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2024): 343–389.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Valuing Stocks With Earnings

      By: Sebastian Hillenbrand and Odhrain McCarthy
      We show that commonly used aggregate earnings are several times as volatile as stock prices over the last three decades. Movements in the price-earnings ratio are thus entirely explained by earnings growth and unrelated to future returns. As an alternative to the... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Investment Portfolio; Stocks; Behavioral Finance; Accounting
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      Hillenbrand, Sebastian, and Odhrain McCarthy. "Valuing Stocks With Earnings." Working Paper, April 2024.
      • 2024
      • Article

      Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities

      By: Shirley Lu and Anya Nakhmurina
      Adaptation is critical in reducing the inevitable impact of climate change. Here we study cities’ adaptation to elevated flood risk by introducing a linguistic measure of adaptation extracted from financial disclosures of 431 US cities over 2013–2020. While cities with... View Details
      Keywords: City; Natural Disasters; Climate Change; Adaptation; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategic Planning
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      Lu, Shirley, and Anya Nakhmurina. "Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities." Art. 43. Communications Earth & Environment 5 (2024).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Why Do Index Funds Have Market Power? Quantifying Frictions in the Index Fund Market

      By: Zach Y. Brown, Mark Egan, Jihye Jeon, Chuqing Jin and Alex A. Wu
      Index funds are one of the most common ways investors access financial markets and are perceived to be a transparent and low-cost alternative to active investment management. Despite these purported virtues of index fund investing and the introduction of new products... View Details
      Keywords: Mutual Funds; Passive Investing; Asset Management; Financial Markets; Investment Funds; Financial Management; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Brown, Zach Y., Mark Egan, Jihye Jeon, Chuqing Jin, and Alex A. Wu. "Why Do Index Funds Have Market Power? Quantifying Frictions in the Index Fund Market." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-019, October 2023. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31778, October 2023.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      How Do Households Suppress the Price of Tail Risk?

      By: Laurent Calvet, Claire Célérier, Gordon Liao and Boris Vallée
      This paper investigates the effects of the issuance of retail products with non-linear payoffs on option prices. For a given underlying asset, when the outstanding volume of products embedding a short-put position increases, implied volatility at the corresponding... View Details
      Keywords: Security Design; Dividend; Options; Structured Products; Market Segmentation; Financial Instruments; Design; Volatility; Markets; Segmentation
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      Calvet, Laurent, Claire Célérier, Gordon Liao, and Boris Vallée. "How Do Households Suppress the Price of Tail Risk?" Working Paper, 2025.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Determinants of Early-Stage Startup Performance: Survey Results

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann
      To explore determinants of new venture performance, the CEOs of 470 early-stage startups were surveyed regarding a broad range of factors related to their venture’s customer value proposition, product management, marketing, technology and operations, financial... View Details
      Keywords: Startups; Survey Research; Performance Analysis; Entrepreneurship; Performance; Analysis; Business Startups; Failure; Surveys
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R. "Determinants of Early-Stage Startup Performance: Survey Results." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-057, October 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Consumers Punish Firms That Cut Employee Pay in Response to COVID-19

      By: Bhavya Mohan, Serena Hagerty and Michael Norton
      Two experiments, including one incentive compatible study, examine the impact of cutting pay for executives versus employees in response to COVID-19 on consumer behavior. Study 1 explores the effect of announcing cuts or no cuts to CEO and employee pay, and shows that... View Details
      Keywords: Employee Furloughs; CEO Pay Cuts; Pay Ratios; Purchase Intention; Health Pandemics; Employees; Wages; Executive Compensation; Consumer Behavior
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      Mohan, Bhavya, Serena Hagerty, and Michael Norton. "Consumers Punish Firms That Cut Employee Pay in Response to COVID-19." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-020, August 2020.
      • August 2020 (Revised December 2020)
      • Case

      Satrix: Competing in the Passive Asset Management Industry in South Africa

      By: Mark Egan, Pippa Tubman Armerding and Dilyana Karadzhova Botha
      In late 2017, Satrix, one of the largest passive asset management firms in South Africa and a pioneer in the industry since 2000, had to decide its strategy going forward in a market where passive asset management had become increasingly commoditized and... View Details
      Keywords: Asset Management; Investment Funds; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Financial Services Industry; South Africa; Africa
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      Egan, Mark, Pippa Tubman Armerding, and Dilyana Karadzhova Botha. "Satrix: Competing in the Passive Asset Management Industry in South Africa." Harvard Business School Case 221-020, August 2020. (Revised December 2020.)
      • August 2020
      • Article

      Financial Market Risk Perceptions and the Macroeconomy

      By: Carolin E. Pflueger, Emil Siriwardane and Adi Sunderam
      We propose a novel measure of risk perceptions: the price of volatile stocks (PVS), defined as the book-to-market ratio of low-volatility stocks minus the book-to-market ratio of high-volatility stocks. PVS is high when perceived risk directly measured from surveys and... View Details
      Keywords: Risk-centric Business Cycles; Cross-section Of Equities; Real Risk-free Rate; Real Investment; Financial Markets; Risk and Uncertainty; Perception; Investment
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      Pflueger, Carolin E., Emil Siriwardane, and Adi Sunderam. "Financial Market Risk Perceptions and the Macroeconomy." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 3 (August 2020).
      • October 2019 (Revised December 2019)
      • Case

      BC Partners: Acuris

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Terrence Shu
      This case follows Nikos Stathopoulos, Managing Partner of BC Partners, as he and his team evaluate the potential sale of one of BC Partners’ portfolio companies, Acuris. Acuris was a global financial intelligence, news, and data company that had been acquired by BC... View Details
      Keywords: Fund Management; Fund Raising; Leveraged Buyout; Buyout; Portfolio Management; Operations Improvement; Exit; Exit Strategy; Valuation Ratios; Finance; Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts; Operations; Performance Improvement; Acquisition; Valuation
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Terrence Shu. "BC Partners: Acuris." Harvard Business School Case 220-041, October 2019. (Revised December 2019.)
      • September 2018
      • Teaching Note

      The Case of the Unidentified Ratios

      By: Josh Lerner
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 812-129. This teaching note provides an introduction to ratio analysis as well as the different financial properties across and within industries. Students are asked to match ratios to a list of industries. View Details
      Keywords: Financial Analysis; Ratio Analysis; Industry Analysis; Finance; Analysis
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      Lerner, Josh. "The Case of the Unidentified Ratios." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 819-052, September 2018.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Pensions and Insurance on Global Yield Curves

      By: Robin Greenwood and Annette Vissing-Jorgensen
      We document a strong effect of pension and insurance company (P&I) assets on the long end of the yield curve. Using data from 26 countries, the yield spread between 30-year and 10-year government bond yields is negatively related to the ratio of pension assets (in... View Details
      Keywords: Pension Funds; Investment Funds; Insurance; Assets; Interest Rates; Bonds
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      Greenwood, Robin, and Annette Vissing-Jorgensen. "The Impact of Pensions and Insurance on Global Yield Curves." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-109, June 2018. (Revised December 2018.)
      • 2018
      • Simulation

      Financial Analysis Simulation: Data Detective

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and V.G. Narayanan
      In this simulation, students learn to identify typical industry characteristics revealed in financial data. Equipped with an interactive and flexible set of tools, students analyze disguised financials and—using their knowledge of operational practices and reasoning... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Analysis; Financial Accounting; Financial Ratios; Accounting; Financial Statements; Analysis
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and V.G. Narayanan. "Financial Analysis Simulation: Data Detective." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Simulation and Teaching Note. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing 8742, 2018. Electronic.
      • Article

      Are Buybacks Really Shortchanging Investment?

      By: Jesse M. Fried and Charles C.Y. Wang
      It’s no secret that the American economy is suffering from the twin ills of slow growth and rising income inequality. Many lay the blame at the doors of America’s largest public corporations. The charge? These firms prefer to distribute cash generated from their... View Details
      Keywords: Economy; Investment; Stocks; Business and Shareholder Relations; Equality and Inequality; United States
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      Fried, Jesse M., and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Are Buybacks Really Shortchanging Investment?" Harvard Business Review 96, no. 2 (March–April 2018): 88–95.
      • November 2017
      • Teaching Note

      Generating Higher Value at IBM (A) and (B)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Teaching Note for HBS Nos. 215-058 and 215-059. View Details
      Keywords: Dividends; Share Repurchases; Earnings Guidance; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Ratios; Payout Policy; Earnings Per Share (EPS); Earnings Management; Change Management; Leadership; Transformation; Financial Strategy
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Generating Higher Value at IBM (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 218-037, November 2017.
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