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- February 2018
- Article
Financial Disclosure and Market Transparency with Costly Information Processing
By: Marco Di Maggio and Marco Pagano
We study a model where some investors (“hedgers”) are bad at information processing, while others (“speculators”) have superior information-processing ability and trade purely to exploit it. The disclosure of financial information induces a trade externality: if... View Details
Keywords: Financial Disclosure; Information Processing; Liquidity; Market Transparency; Rational Inattention; Information; Financial Liquidity; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Corporate Disclosure; Financial Markets; Investment
Di Maggio, Marco, and Marco Pagano. "Financial Disclosure and Market Transparency with Costly Information Processing." Review of Finance 22, no. 1 (February 2018): 117–153.
- February 1992
- Background Note
Note on Financial Instrument Disclosure
By: David F. Hawkins
Hawkins, David F. "Note on Financial Instrument Disclosure." Harvard Business School Background Note 192-085, February 1992.
- 22 Feb 2012
- News
Disclosures Are Found to Change Financial Behavior
- Article
Complementarity between Audited Financial Reporting and Voluntary Disclosure: The Case of Former Andersen Clients
By: Richard Frankel, Alon Kalay, Gil Sadka and Yuan Zou
Prior literature presents various perspectives on the role of financial reporting. One view is that mandatory periodic reporting disciplines managers and encourages timely voluntary disclosure. We examine this "confirmation hypothesis" using the shock to financial... View Details
Keywords: Financial Disclosure; Mandatory Reporting; Reliability; Voluntary Disclosure; Financial Reporting; Quality; Corporate Disclosure
Frankel, Richard, Alon Kalay, Gil Sadka, and Yuan Zou. "Complementarity between Audited Financial Reporting and Voluntary Disclosure: The Case of Former Andersen Clients." Accounting Review 96, no. 6 (November 2021): 215–238.
- April–May 2019
- Article
Disclosure Incentives When Competing Firms Have Common Ownership
By: Jihwon Park, Jalal Sani, Nemit Shroff and Hal D. White
This paper examines whether common ownership – i.e., instances where investors simultaneously own significant stakes in competing firms – affects voluntary disclosure. We argue that common ownership (i) reduces proprietary cost concerns of disclosure, and (ii)... View Details
Park, Jihwon, Jalal Sani, Nemit Shroff, and Hal D. White. "Disclosure Incentives When Competing Firms Have Common Ownership." Journal of Accounting & Economics 67, nos. 2-3 (April–May 2019): 387–415.
- 2016
- Working Paper
Managers' Cultural Background and Disclosure Attributes
By: Francois Brochet, Gregory S. Miller, Patricia Naranjo and Gwen Yu
We examine how a manager’s ethnic cultural background affects managers’ communication with investors. Using a sample of earnings conference calls transcripts with 26,430 executives from 42 countries, we find that managers from ethnic groups that have a more... View Details
Keywords: Disclosure Tone; Individualism; Conference Calls; Ethnic Group; Management Style; Communication Intention and Meaning; Ethnicity; Corporate Disclosure; Financial Reporting
Brochet, Francois, Gregory S. Miller, Patricia Naranjo, and Gwen Yu. "Managers' Cultural Background and Disclosure Attributes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-027, October 2016.
- Forthcoming
- Article
Disclosure Standards and Communication Norms: Evidence of Voluntary Sustainability Standards as a Coordinating Device for Capital Markets
By: Khrystyna Bochkay, Jeffrey Hales and George Serafeim
In this paper, we examine how the development of voluntary sustainability standards has affected the nature of information covered in conference calls. Using industry-specific dictionaries of sustainability terms contained in the disclosure standards developed by the... View Details
Keywords: Voluntary Disclosure; Accounting Standards; Sustainability Reporting; Sustainability Standards; ESG; ESG Disclosure; Accounting; Corporate Disclosure; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Standards; United States
Bochkay, Khrystyna, Jeffrey Hales, and George Serafeim. "Disclosure Standards and Communication Norms: Evidence of Voluntary Sustainability Standards as a Coordinating Device for Capital Markets." Review of Accounting Studies (forthcoming). (Pre-published online March 17, 2025.)
- November 1999
- Background Note
Operating Segment Disclosures
By: David F. Hawkins
Discusses the accounting rules that govern operating segment disclosure. View Details
Keywords: Financial Reporting; Corporate Disclosure; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Operations
Hawkins, David F. "Operating Segment Disclosures." Harvard Business School Background Note 100-025, November 1999.
- March 1993
- Article
The Effect of Firms' Financial Disclosure Strategies on Stock Prices
By: Krishna G. Palepu and Paul M. Healy
Palepu, Krishna G., and Paul M. Healy. "The Effect of Firms' Financial Disclosure Strategies on Stock Prices." Accounting Horizons 7 (March 1993): 1–11.
- Article
Is ‘Not Guilty’ the Same as ‘Innocent’? Evidence from SEC Financial Fraud Investigations
By: Eugene F. Soltes and David H. Solomon
When the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigates firms for financial fraud, investors learn about the investigation only if managers disclose it, or regulators sanction the firm. We investigate the effects of such disclosures using confidential records on... View Details
Soltes, Eugene F., and David H. Solomon. "Is ‘Not Guilty’ the Same as ‘Innocent’? Evidence from SEC Financial Fraud Investigations." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 18, no. 2 (June 2021): 287–327.
- 2020
- Working Paper
How ESG Issues Become Financially Material to Corporations and Their Investors
By: George Serafeim
Management and disclosure of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues have received substantial interest over the last decade. In this paper, we outline a framework of how ESG issues become financially material, affecting corporate profitability and valuation.... View Details
Keywords: Materiality; ESG; Pharmaceutical Companies; Business Ethics; Sustainability; Environment; Disclosure; Disclosure And Access; Regulation; Social Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Social Issues; Corporate Governance; Ethics; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Accountability; Resource Allocation; Finance; Accounting; Valuation
Freiberg, David, Jean Rogers, and George Serafeim. "How ESG Issues Become Financially Material to Corporations and Their Investors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-056, November 2019. (Revised November 2020.)
- 01 May 2006
- Research & Ideas
What Companies Lose from Forced Disclosure
Increased financial disclosure standards on such issues as executive compensation should provide more useful information for investors, policy makers, and regulators. But do the companies themselves benefit?... View Details
- October 2001 (Revised April 2002)
- Case
America Online, Inc.: Disclosure Strategy
By: Amy P. Hutton and David Lane
Since going public, AOL had disclosed on a quarterly basis supplemental metrics meant to give analysts and investors a way of tracking growth in its subscriber base and the value created through its marketing efforts. These metrics gave management's conversations with... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Internet and the Web; Change Management; Internet and the Web; Corporate Disclosure; Media; Digital Marketing; Information Technology Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry
Hutton, Amy P., and David Lane. "America Online, Inc.: Disclosure Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 102-004, October 2001. (Revised April 2002.)
- July 2001 (Revised March 2002)
- Case
Progressive Insurance: Disclosure Strategy
By: Amy P. Hutton and James Weber
Progressive Insurance had refused to play Wall Street's earning game. Progressive didn't manage reported earnings nor did management give guidance to analysts. Management then considered taking their unique disclosure strategy one step further to become the first to... View Details
Keywords: Earnings Management; Stocks; Corporate Disclosure; Insurance; Volatility; Insurance Industry; United States
Hutton, Amy P., and James Weber. "Progressive Insurance: Disclosure Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 102-012, July 2001. (Revised March 2002.)
- 09 Mar 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Causes and Consequences of Firm Disclosures of Anticorruption Efforts
Keywords: by Paul Healy & George Serafeim
- October 2002 (Revised March 2004)
- Case
Management Earnings Disclosure and Pro Forma Reporting
Introduces a discussion of management earnings disclosure and the growing use of pro forma reporting by corporations. Highlights the background of pro forma reporting, how it has been used in the past couple of years, and what the regulators at the capital markets... View Details
Bradshaw, Mark T., and Jacob Cohen. "Management Earnings Disclosure and Pro Forma Reporting." Harvard Business School Case 103-005, October 2002. (Revised March 2004.)
- 08 Oct 2015
- Working Paper Summaries
Market Reaction to Mandatory Nonfinancial Disclosure
- June 2011 (Revised February 2013)
- Case
Mandatory Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure in the European Union
By: George Serafeim
In 2011, the European Commission was deciding on how to best modify the existing European Union policy on corporate disclosure of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information. Previous directives had recommended that European companies report ESG... View Details
Keywords: Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate Strategy; Corporate Disclosure; Environmental Accounting; Competitive Strategy; International Accounting; Financial Reporting; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Debates; Europe
Eccles, Robert G., George Serafeim, and Phillip Andrews. "Mandatory Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure in the European Union." Harvard Business School Case 111-120, June 2011. (Revised February 2013.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Shareholder Activism and Firms’ Voluntary Disclosure of Climate Change Risks
By: Caroline Flammer, Michael W. Toffel and Kala Viswanathan
This paper examines whether—in the absence of mandated disclosure requirements—shareholder activism can elicit greater disclosure of firms’ exposure to climate change risks. We find that environmental shareholder activism increases the voluntary disclosure of climate... View Details
Keywords: Shareholder Activism; Climate Risk; Corporate Accountability; Climate Change; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Natural Environment; Environmental Sustainability; Financial Services Industry; United States
Flammer, Caroline, Michael W. Toffel, and Kala Viswanathan. "Shareholder Activism and Firms' Voluntary Disclosure of Climate Change Risks." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-049, October 2019. (Revised March 2021.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Public Disclosure of Private Meetings: Does Observing Peers' Information Acquisition Affect Analysts' Attention Allocation?
By: Yi Ru, Ronghuo Zheng and Yuan Zou
We investigate the impact of observing peers’ information acquisition on financial analysts’ attention allocation. Using the timely disclosure mandate by the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as a setting, we find that, when analysts can observe that a firm is visited by other... View Details
Keywords: Attention Allocation; Informational Efficiency; Corporate Site Visits; Externalities; Information; Acquisition; Corporate Disclosure; Outcome or Result
Ru, Yi, Ronghuo Zheng, and Yuan Zou. "Public Disclosure of Private Meetings: Does Observing Peers' Information Acquisition Affect Analysts' Attention Allocation?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-064, July 2021.