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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (289)
      • Faculty Publications  (31)

      Financial ConstraintsRemove Financial Constraints →

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Climate Risk and the U.S. Insurance Gap: Measurement, Drivers and Implications

      By: Pari Sastry, Therese Scharlemann, Ishita Sen and Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva
      Despite rising climate-related property damage, the average American is under-insured. We study the homeowners insurance protection gap using nationwide state-of-the-art insurance, mortgage, and climate databases at a property level and exploiting quasi-exogenous... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Risk and Uncertainty; Insurance; Personal Finance; Consumer Behavior; Mortgages
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      Sastry, Pari, Therese Scharlemann, Ishita Sen, and Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva. "Climate Risk and the U.S. Insurance Gap: Measurement, Drivers and Implications." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-054, February 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Too Much, Too Soon? Early Funding, Technological Unconventionality, and Innovation Capabilities

      By: Harsh Ketkar and Maria Roche
      The availability of financial resources significantly shapes firm innovation outcomes, especially for early-stage, innovation-focused technology firms. However, prior research has provided conflicting findings about this relationship: On the one hand, resource... View Details
      Keywords: Startups; Technology Strategy; Novelty; Unconventionality; Resource Constraints; Early Stage Firms; Business Startups; Technological Innovation; Entrepreneurial Finance
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      Ketkar, Harsh, and Maria Roche. "Too Much, Too Soon? Early Funding, Technological Unconventionality, and Innovation Capabilities." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-032, December 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Meghna Modi at Revlon India: Leading with a Bold Purpose

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Sarah Mehta and Sarah Sasso
      This case is about Meghna Modi, the head of struggling cosmetics company Revlon India, as she tries to both turn the company around and implement her personal purpose at work. Influenced by her own life struggles, Modi feels compelled to empower her frontline... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Business or Company Management; Performance; Personal Development and Career; Gender; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Power and Influence; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Asia; India; Delhi
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Sarah Mehta, and Sarah Sasso. "Meghna Modi at Revlon India: Leading with a Bold Purpose." Harvard Business School Case 125-019, November 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Accelerating with Caution: Forecasting and Managing birddogs' Growth (A) and (B)

      By: Mark Egan
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 224-023 and 224-024. As 2017 was drawing to a close, birddogs’ founder and CEO, Peter Baldwin, was working with his CFO Jack Sullivan to prepare for 2018. A nascent direct-to-consumer apparel brand, birddogs had carved its niche in men’s... View Details
      Keywords: Inventory Management; Forecasting Demand; Financial Constraints; Apparel; Startups; Corporate Finance; Forecasting and Prediction; Working Capital; Financing and Loans; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Demand and Consumers; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
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      Egan, Mark. "Accelerating with Caution: Forecasting and Managing birddogs' Growth (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 224-071, February 2024.
      • 2024
      • Article

      Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities

      By: Shirley Lu and Anya Nakhmurina
      Adaptation is critical in reducing the inevitable impact of climate change. Here we study cities’ adaptation to elevated flood risk by introducing a linguistic measure of adaptation extracted from financial disclosures of 431 US cities over 2013–2020. While cities with... View Details
      Keywords: City; Natural Disasters; Climate Change; Adaptation; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategic Planning
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      Lu, Shirley, and Anya Nakhmurina. "Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities." Art. 43. Communications Earth & Environment 5 (2024).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Too Many Managers: The Strategic Use of Titles to Avoid Overtime Payments

      By: Lauren Cohen, Umit Gurun and N. Bugra Ozel
      We find widespread evidence of firms appearing to avoid paying overtime wages by exploiting a federal law that allows them to do so for employees termed as “managers” and paid a salary above a pre-defined dollar threshold. We show that listings for salaried positions... View Details
      Keywords: Wages; Organizational Design; Job Design and Levels; Compensation and Benefits
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      Cohen, Lauren, Umit Gurun, and N. Bugra Ozel. "Too Many Managers: The Strategic Use of Titles to Avoid Overtime Payments." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30826, January 2023.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      High-Yield Debt Covenants and Their Real Effects

      By: Falk Bräuning, Victoria Ivashina and Ali Ozdagli
      High-yield debt including leveraged loans is characterized by incurrence financial covenants, or “cov-lite” provisions. A traditional loan agreement includes maintenance covenants, which require continuous compliance with the covenant threshold, and their violation... View Details
      Keywords: Debt Covenants; Incurrence Covenants; Borrowing and Debt; Banks and Banking
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      Bräuning, Falk, Victoria Ivashina, and Ali Ozdagli. "High-Yield Debt Covenants and Their Real Effects." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29888, March 2022.
      • January 2022 (Revised February 2022)
      • Case

      Envision Group

      By: Gunnar Trumbull, Bonnie Yining Cao and Dawn H. Lau
      Based in China, Envision was one of the world’s leading Greentech companies. Chief Executive Officer Lei Zhang had set the goal of achieving carbon neutrality across the company’s global operations and supply chain by 2022 and 2028 respectively. As part of its... View Details
      Keywords: Green Technology; Climate Change; Emerging Markets; Information Technology; Strategy; Management; Renewable Energy; Energy Policy; Environmental Sustainability; Manufacturing Industry; Auto Industry; Green Technology Industry; Battery Industry; China; United States; Japan; United Kingdom; France
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      Trumbull, Gunnar, Bonnie Yining Cao, and Dawn H. Lau. "Envision Group." Harvard Business School Case 722-045, January 2022. (Revised February 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Green Bonding Hypothesis: How Do Green Bonds Enhance the Credibility of Environmental Commitments?

      By: Shirley Lu
      This paper proposes and provides evidence on a green bonding hypothesis, where green bonds act as a commitment device that subjects firms to institutions holding them accountable to their environmental promises. I find that green-bond issuers face higher climate change... View Details
      Keywords: Bonding Hypothesis; Sustainable Finance; Climate Change; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Bonds; Corporate Accountability
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      Lu, Shirley. "The Green Bonding Hypothesis: How Do Green Bonds Enhance the Credibility of Environmental Commitments?" SSRN Working Paper Series, No. 3898909, December 2021.
      • October 2021
      • Article

      Communicating Resource Scarcity and Interpersonal Connection

      By: Grant E. Donnelly, Anne V. Wilson, Ashley V. Whillans and Michael I. Norton
      Consumers often cite insufficient time or money as an excuse for rejecting social invitations. We explore the effectiveness of these excuses in preserving interpersonal relationships. Six studies—including perceptions of couples planning their wedding—demonstrate that... View Details
      Keywords: Time; Interpersonal Relationships; Communication; Money; Relationships; Interpersonal Communication
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      Donnelly, Grant E., Anne V. Wilson, Ashley V. Whillans, and Michael I. Norton. "Communicating Resource Scarcity and Interpersonal Connection." Journal of Consumer Psychology 31, no. 4 (October 2021): 726–745.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Studying the U.S.-Based Portfolio Companies of U.S. Impact Investors

      By: M. Diane Burton, Gurveen Chadha, Shawn A. Cole, Abhishek Dev, Christina Jarymowycz, Leslie Jeng, Laura Kelley, Josh Lerner, Jaime R. Diaz Palacios, Yue (Cynthia) Xu and T. Robert Zochowski
      Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the reliance on market-based solutions to social and environmental problems around the world (Barman 2016; Horvath and Powell 2020). The growth of impact investing is a vivid example of this trend and, although there have... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Impact Portfolio Companies; Investment; Social Issues; Environmental Sustainability; Investment Portfolio; Business Ventures; Analytics and Data Science; Performance; United States
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      Burton, M. Diane, Gurveen Chadha, Shawn A. Cole, Abhishek Dev, Christina Jarymowycz, Leslie Jeng, Laura Kelley, Josh Lerner, Jaime R. Diaz Palacios, Yue (Cynthia) Xu, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Studying the U.S.-Based Portfolio Companies of U.S. Impact Investors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-130, June 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Granular Corporate Hedging Under Dominant Currency

      By: Laura Alfaro, Mauricio Calani and Liliana Varela
      Foreign currency use can be a source of risk associated with currency mismatches, which firms can hedge using FX derivatives. This paper uncovers five novel facts about firms’ use of foreign currency (FX) derivatives employing a unique dataset covering the universe of... View Details
      Keywords: FX Derivatives; Hedging; Currency; Cash Flow; Emerging Markets; Chile
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      Alfaro, Laura, Mauricio Calani, and Liliana Varela. "Granular Corporate Hedging Under Dominant Currency." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28910, June 2021. (Revised July 2022.)
      • July–August 2020
      • Article

      Make the Most of Your Relocation

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
      Although the COVID-19 crisis has halted travel in recent months, geographic mobility has become critical for managers and knowledge workers hoping to advance in today’s globalized economy, and that trend is unlikely to reverse. Geographic mobility can pay off... View Details
      Keywords: Relocation; Mobility; Personal Development and Career; Geographic Location; Work-Life Balance
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj. "Make the Most of Your Relocation." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 4 (July–August 2020): 104–113.
      • January 2019
      • Article

      The ABCs of Financial Education: Experimental Evidence on Attitudes, Behavior, and Cognitive Biases

      By: Fenella Carpena, Shawn A. Cole, Jeremy Shapiro and Bilal Zia
      This paper uses a large-scale field experiment in India to study attitudinal, behavioral, and cognitive constraints that can stymie the link between financial education and financial outcomes. The study complements financial education with (1) financial incentives on a... View Details
      Keywords: Finance; Education; Attitudes; Behavior; Outcome or Result
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      Carpena, Fenella, Shawn A. Cole, Jeremy Shapiro, and Bilal Zia. "The ABCs of Financial Education: Experimental Evidence on Attitudes, Behavior, and Cognitive Biases." Management Science 65, no. 1 (January 2019): 346–369.
      • June 2018
      • Case

      Burton Sensors, Inc.

      By: William E. Fruhan and Wei Wang
      Burton Sensors presents a realistic situation where a small, rapidly growing, and profitable temperature sensor original equipment manufacturer (OEM) reaches its debt capacity and seeks equity financing to sustain high growth. The president of the company must decide... View Details
      Keywords: Financing and Loans; Acquisition; Investment; Financial Strategy; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Fruhan, William E., and Wei Wang. "Burton Sensors, Inc." Harvard Business School Brief Case 918-539, June 2018.
      • Fall 2017
      • Article

      Strengthening and Streamlining Bank Capital Regulation

      By: Robin Greenwood, Samuel Gregory Hanson, Jeremy C. Stein and Adi Sunderam
      We propose three core principles that should inform the design of bank capital regulation. First, wherever possible, multiple constraints on the minimum level of equity capital should be consolidated into a single constraint. This helps to avoid a distortionary... View Details
      Keywords: Banks and Banking; Capital; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Banking Industry
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      Greenwood, Robin, Samuel Gregory Hanson, Jeremy C. Stein, and Adi Sunderam. "Strengthening and Streamlining Bank Capital Regulation." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Fall 2017). (Internet Appendix Here.)
      • October 2013 (Revised April 2018)
      • Technical Note

      Non-Equity Financing for Entrepreneurial Ventures

      By: Joan Farre-Mensa, Ramana Nanda and Piyush Jain

      Young, and particularly high-growth ventures often need to raise significant external finance, since their internal cash flow is usually insufficient to support the investments needed to grow. Although raising equity from venture capital or angel investors is the... View Details

      Keywords: Entrepreneurial Finance; Entrepreneurship; Finance; Financial Services Industry
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      Farre-Mensa, Joan, Ramana Nanda, and Piyush Jain. "Non-Equity Financing for Entrepreneurial Ventures." Harvard Business School Technical Note 814-005, October 2013. (Revised April 2018.)
      • September 2013 (Revised November 2013)
      • Case

      AngelList

      By: Ramana Nanda and Liz Kind

      In early 2010, Naval Ravikant and Babak Nivi posted a list of angel investors on the Venture Hacks blog as a resource for founders looking for funding prior to seeking venture capital. The list quickly evolved into AngelList, a separate matchmaking platform for... View Details

      Keywords: Angel Investors; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurial Finance; Finance; Entrepreneurship; Investment; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Nanda, Ramana, and Liz Kind. "AngelList." Harvard Business School Case 814-036, September 2013. (Revised November 2013.)
      • September 2013
      • Case

      Homestrings, Inc.: Diaspora-Based Financing and the Crowd Funding of Development

      By: William R. Kerr and Alexis Brownell
      Homestrings is an online investment platform for overseas diasporas to link financially with their home countries. The founder believes crowd-funding can become a pillar for development, but U.S. regulatory hurdles and resources constraints are substantial. The company... View Details
      Keywords: Diasporas; Investments; Regulations; Africa; Crowd-funding; Development Finance; Entrepreneurship; Business Growth and Maturation; Financial Services Industry; Africa; United States
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      Kerr, William R., and Alexis Brownell. "Homestrings, Inc.: Diaspora-Based Financing and the Crowd Funding of Development." Harvard Business School Case 814-031, September 2013.
      • 2012
      • Chapter

      Lessons for the Financial Sector from 'Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence, and How to Limit It'

      By: Daniel Carpenter, David Moss and Melanie Wachtell Stinnett
      In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–09, regulatory capture has become at once a diagnosis and a source of discomfort. The word “capture” has been used by dozens upon dozens of authors—ranging from pundits and bloggers to journalists and leading... View Details
      Keywords: Regulatory Capture; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Financial Crisis
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      Carpenter, Daniel, David Moss, and Melanie Wachtell Stinnett. "Lessons for the Financial Sector from 'Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence, and How to Limit It'." Chap. 3 in Making of Good Financial Regulation: Towards a Policy Response to Regulatory Capture, edited by Stefano Pagliari, 70–84. Grosvenor House Publishing Limited, 2012.
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