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    • All HBS Web  (667)
      • Faculty Publications  (86)

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      • June 2025
      • Article

      What Board-level Control Mechanisms Changed in Banks Following the 2008 Financial Crisis? A Descriptive Study

      By: Shelly Li, Shivram Rajgopal, Suraj Srinivasan and Yu Ting Forester Wong
      Following the 2008 financial crisis, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) identified major shortcomings in bank board governance, contributing to systemic risk management failures. This study adapts a management control framework and empirically examines... View Details
      Keywords: Board Of Directors; Management Control; Governing and Advisory Boards; Governance Controls; Risk Management; Change Management; Banks and Banking; Financial Crisis
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      Li, Shelly, Shivram Rajgopal, Suraj Srinivasan, and Yu Ting Forester Wong. "What Board-level Control Mechanisms Changed in Banks Following the 2008 Financial Crisis? A Descriptive Study." Art. 101596. Accounting, Organizations and Society 114 (June 2025).
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Rise of Alternatives

      By: Juliane Begenau, Pauline Liang and Emil Siriwardane
      Since the 2000s, U.S. public pensions have shifted their risky investments towards alternative assets like private equity and hedge funds, some more aggressively than others. We explore several explanations for these cross-sectional trends, focusing on those implied by... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Funds; Investment Return; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Begenau, Juliane, Pauline Liang, and Emil Siriwardane. "The Rise of Alternatives." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-016, August 2024.
      • April 2024
      • Article

      A Machine Learning Algorithm Predicting Risk of Dilating VUR among Infants with Hydronephrosis Using UTD Classification

      By: Hsin-Hsiao Scott Wang, Michael Lingzhi Li, Dylan Cahill, John Panagides, Tanya Logvinenko, Jeanne Chow and Caleb Nelson
      Backgrounds: Urinary Tract Dilation (UTD) classification has been designed to be a more objective grading system to evaluate antenatal and post-natal UTD. Due to unclear association between UTD classifications to specific anomalies such as vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR),... View Details
      Keywords: Health Disorders; Health Testing and Trials; AI and Machine Learning; Health Industry
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      Wang, Hsin-Hsiao Scott, Michael Lingzhi Li, Dylan Cahill, John Panagides, Tanya Logvinenko, Jeanne Chow, and Caleb Nelson. "A Machine Learning Algorithm Predicting Risk of Dilating VUR among Infants with Hydronephrosis Using UTD Classification." Journal of Pediatric Urology 20, no. 2 (April 2024): 271–278.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Cram Method for Efficient Simultaneous Learning and Evaluation

      By: Zeyang Jia, Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
      We introduce the "cram" method, a general and efficient approach to simultaneous learning and evaluation using a generic machine learning (ML) algorithm. In a single pass of batched data, the proposed method repeatedly trains an ML algorithm and tests its empirical... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning
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      Jia, Zeyang, Kosuke Imai, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "The Cram Method for Efficient Simultaneous Learning and Evaluation." Working Paper, March 2024.
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Psychological Factors Underlying Attitudes toward AI Tools

      By: Julian De Freitas, Stuti Agarwal, B. Schmitt and N. Haslam
      What are the psychological factors driving attitudes toward AI tools, and how can resistance to AI systems be overcome when they are beneficial? In this perspective, we first organize the main sources of resistance into five main categories: opacity, emotionlessness,... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Self; AI and Machine Learning; Attitudes; Technology Adoption
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      De Freitas, Julian, Stuti Agarwal, B. Schmitt, and N. Haslam. "Psychological Factors Underlying Attitudes toward AI Tools." Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 11 (November 2023): 1845–1854.
      • 2023
      • Book

      Right Kind of Wrong: The Science of Failing Well

      By: Amy Edmondson
      A revolutionary guide that will transform your relationship with failure, from the pioneering researcher of psychological safety and award-winning Harvard Business School professor Amy Edmondson.

      We used to think of failure as the opposite of success. Now,... View Details
      Keywords: Failure; Success
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      Edmondson, Amy. Right Kind of Wrong: The Science of Failing Well. New York, NY: Atria Books, 2023.
      • 2023
      • Article

      On Minimizing the Impact of Dataset Shifts on Actionable Explanations

      By: Anna P. Meyer, Dan Ley, Suraj Srinivas and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      The Right to Explanation is an important regulatory principle that allows individuals to request actionable explanations for algorithmic decisions. However, several technical challenges arise when providing such actionable explanations in practice. For instance, models... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Analytics and Data Science
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      Meyer, Anna P., Dan Ley, Suraj Srinivas, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "On Minimizing the Impact of Dataset Shifts on Actionable Explanations." Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) 39th (2023): 1434–1444.
      • 2023
      • Article

      On the Impact of Actionable Explanations on Social Segregation

      By: Ruijiang Gao and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As predictive models seep into several real-world applications, it has become critical to ensure that individuals who are negatively impacted by the outcomes of these models are provided with a means for recourse. To this end, there has been a growing body of research... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; AI and Machine Learning; Outcome or Result
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      Gao, Ruijiang, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "On the Impact of Actionable Explanations on Social Segregation." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 40th (2023): 10727–10743.
      • August 2023
      • Article

      Can Security Design Foster Household Risk-Taking?

      By: Laurent Calvet, Claire Célérier, Paolo Sodini and Boris Vallée
      This paper shows that securities with a non-linear payoff design can foster household risk-taking. We demonstrate this effect empirically by exploiting the introduction of capital guarantee products in Sweden from 2002 to 2007. The fast and broad adoption of these... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Innovation; Household Finance; Structured Products; Stock Market Participation; Finance; Innovation and Invention; Household; Personal Finance; Risk and Uncertainty; Behavior; Market Participation
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      Calvet, Laurent, Claire Célérier, Paolo Sodini, and Boris Vallée. "Can Security Design Foster Household Risk-Taking?" Journal of Finance 78, no. 4 (August 2023): 1917–1966.
      • July 2023
      • Article

      Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments

      By: Iavor I Bojinov, David Simchi-Levi and Jinglong Zhao
      In switchback experiments, a firm sequentially exposes an experimental unit to a random treatment, measures its response, and repeats the procedure for several periods to determine which treatment leads to the best outcome. Although practitioners have widely adopted... View Details
      Keywords: Switchback Experiments; Design; Analysis; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., David Simchi-Levi, and Jinglong Zhao. "Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments." Management Science 69, no. 7 (July 2023): 3759–3777.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Market for Sharing Interest Rate Risk: Quantities and Asset Prices

      By: Ishita Sen, Umang Khetan, Jane Li and Ioana Neamtu
      We study the extent of interest rate risk sharing across the financial system using granular positions and transactions data in interest rate swaps. We show that pension and insurance (PF&I) sector emerges as a natural counterparty to banks and corporations: overall,... View Details
      Keywords: Interest Rates; Investment Funds; Banks and Banking; Insurance; Investment Banking; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Sen, Ishita, Umang Khetan, Jane Li, and Ioana Neamtu. "The Market for Sharing Interest Rate Risk: Quantities and Asset Prices." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-052, February 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Second- versus Third-party Audit Quality: Evidence from Global Supply Chain Monitoring

      By: Maria R. Ibanez, Ashley Palmarozzo, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Capitalizing on the superior credibility and flexibility and potential lower cost of external assessments, many global buyers are relying less on their own employee (“second-party”) auditors and more on third-party auditors to monitor and prevent environmental and... View Details
      Keywords: Auditing; Audit Quality; Working Conditions; Sustainability; Empirical Operations; Empirical Service Operations; Sustainability Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Supply Chain Management
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      Ibanez, Maria R., Ashley Palmarozzo, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "Second- versus Third-party Audit Quality: Evidence from Global Supply Chain Monitoring." Working Paper, August 2024.
      • April 2023
      • Article

      The Subjective Expected Utility Approach and a Framework for Defining Project Risk in Terms of Novelty and Feasibility—A Response to Franzoni and Stephan (2023), ‘Uncertainty and Risk-Taking in Science’

      By: Jacqueline N. Lane
      In their Discussion Paper, Franzoni and Stephan (F&S, 2023) discuss the shortcomings of existing peer review models in shaping the funding of risky science. Their discussion offers a conceptual framework for incorporating risk into peer review models of research... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Research; Resource Allocation; Perception
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      Lane, Jacqueline N. "The Subjective Expected Utility Approach and a Framework for Defining Project Risk in Terms of Novelty and Feasibility—A Response to Franzoni and Stephan (2023), ‘Uncertainty and Risk-Taking in Science’." Art. 104707. Research Policy 52, no. 3 (April 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Subjective Expected Utility Approach and a Framework for Defining Project Risk in Terms of Novelty and Feasibility—A Response to Franzoni and Stephan (2023), ‘Uncertainty and Risk-Taking in Science’

      By: Jacqueline N. Lane
      In their Discussion Paper, Franzoni and Stephan (F&S, 2023) discuss the shortcomings of existing peer review models in shaping the funding of risky science. Their discussion offers a conceptual framework for incorporating risk into peer review models of research... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Research; Resource Allocation; Perception
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      Lane, Jacqueline N. "The Subjective Expected Utility Approach and a Framework for Defining Project Risk in Terms of Novelty and Feasibility—A Response to Franzoni and Stephan (2023), ‘Uncertainty and Risk-Taking in Science’." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-037, January 2023.
      • January 2023
      • Article

      Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Derrick P. Bransby
      Since its renaissance in the 1990s, psychological safety research has flourished—a boom motivated by recognition of the challenge of navigating uncertainty and change. Today, its theoretical and practical significance is amplified by the increasingly complex and... View Details
      Keywords: Safety; Risk and Uncertainty; Leadership; Working Conditions; Research; Performance; Learning; Organizational Culture
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Derrick P. Bransby. "Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature." Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 10 (January 2023): 55–78.
      • October 26, 2022
      • Article

      Climate Risk Is Growing. Is Your Company Prepared?

      By: John D. Macomber
      Most people don’t have a strategy for how to handle the worsening perils of flooding, wildfires and extreme heat. They should adopt a four-step process for protecting their property, whether it be a home or a business. First, they should prioritize how important... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Risk; Climate Change; Risk Management; Crisis Management; Insurance
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      Macomber, John D. "Climate Risk Is Growing. Is Your Company Prepared?" Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (October 26, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Heterogeneous Investors and Stock Market Fluctuations

      By: Odhrain McCarthy and Sebastian Hillenbrand
      We introduce a heterogeneous agent model which features extrapolative beliefs and time-varying risk aversion. The model leads to an empirical framework which we estimate with stock prices, survey data and risk aversion measures. We find that extrapolative beliefs and... View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market; Investment Decisions; Asset Pricing; Investment; Behavioral Finance; Stocks
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      McCarthy, Odhrain, and Sebastian Hillenbrand. "Heterogeneous Investors and Stock Market Fluctuations." Working Paper, January 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Limits to Bank Deposit Market Power

      By: Juliane Begenau and Erik Stafford
      Claims about the market power of bank deposits in the banking literature are numerous and far reaching. Recently, a causal narrative has emerged in the banking literature: market power in bank deposits, measured as imperfect pass-through of short-term market rates on... View Details
      Keywords: Bank Deposits; Market Power; Net Interest Margin (NIM); Banks and Banking; Interest Rates; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Begenau, Juliane, and Erik Stafford. "Limits to Bank Deposit Market Power." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-039, November 2021.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      What Drives Variation in Investor Portfolios? Estimating the Roles of Beliefs and Risk Preferences

      By: Mark Egan, Alexander MacKay and Hanbin Yang
      We present an empirical model of portfolio choice that allows for the nonparametric estimation of investors' (subjective) expectations and risk preferences. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset of 401(k) plans from 2009 through 2019, we explore heterogeneity in asset... View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market Expectations; Demand Estimation; Retirement Planning; Defined Contribution Retirement Plan; 401 (K); Finance; Investment Portfolio; Investment; Retirement; Behavioral Finance; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Egan, Mark, Alexander MacKay, and Hanbin Yang. "What Drives Variation in Investor Portfolios? Estimating the Roles of Beliefs and Risk Preferences." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-044, December 2021. (Revisions Requested at the Review of Financial Studies. Revised April 2024. Direct download. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29604, December 2021)
      • October 18, 2021
      • Article

      To Regulate Network-Based Platforms, Look at Their Data

      By: Chiara Farronato and Daniel Björkegren
      Historically, antitrust authorities have taken a laissez-faire approach under the assumption that it is better to err on the side of not intervening when there is uncertainty. This has allowed companies like Google and Facebook to go on a shopping spree to acquire... View Details
      Keywords: Antitrust Issues And Policies; Risk and Uncertainty; Digital Platforms; Competitive Advantage; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Innovation and Invention; Information Technology Industry
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      Farronato, Chiara, and Daniel Björkegren. "To Regulate Network-Based Platforms, Look at Their Data." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (October 18, 2021).
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