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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (493)
      • Faculty Publications  (26)

      Credit Term HarmonizationRemove Credit Term Harmonization →

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Unwinding Loan Prospecting Pressure Through Renegotiation: The Role of Loan Officer Changes in Debt Contracting

      By: Jung Koo Kang, Regina Wittenberg Moerman and Jessie Cheong
      We examine the impact of loan officer changes on debt contract design. Loan officers play a critical role in initiating and maintaining lending relationships but also face pressure to originate more loans, incentivizing them to offer loan terms more favorable than... View Details
      Keywords: Financing and Loans; Borrowing and Debt; Contracts; Negotiation; Motivation and Incentives
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      Kang, Jung Koo, Regina Wittenberg Moerman, and Jessie Cheong. "Unwinding Loan Prospecting Pressure Through Renegotiation: The Role of Loan Officer Changes in Debt Contracting." Working Paper, March 2025.
      • May 2022 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      LOOP: Driving Change in Auto Insurance Pricing

      By: Elie Ofek and Alicia Dadlani
      John Henry and Carey Anne Nadeau, co-founders and co-CEOs of LOOP, an insurtech startup based in Austin, Texas, were on a mission to modernize the archaic $250 billion automobile insurance market. They sought to create equitably priced insurance by eliminating pricing... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Growth and Development Strategy; Customer Relationship Management; Price; Insurance Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, and Alicia Dadlani. "LOOP: Driving Change in Auto Insurance Pricing." Harvard Business School Case 522-073, May 2022. (Revised June 2024.)
      • Article

      The Harmonization of Lending Standards within Banks through Mandated Loan-Level Transparency

      By: Jung Koo Kang, Maria Loumioti and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
      We explore whether the introduction of transparent reporting rules increases credit standard harmonization within a bank. We exploit the new loan-level reporting rules imposed on banks that borrow from the European Central Bank using repurchase agreements... View Details
      Keywords: Transparency; External And Internal Reporting; Credit Term Harmonization; Regulatory Scrutiny; Banks and Banking; Credit; Financial Reporting; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Learning
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      Kang, Jung Koo, Maria Loumioti, and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman. "The Harmonization of Lending Standards within Banks through Mandated Loan-Level Transparency." Journal of Accounting & Economics 72, no. 1 (August 2021): 101386.
      • Article

      Credit and Punishment: Are Corporate Bankers Disciplined for Risk-Taking?

      By: Janet Gao, Kristoph Kleiner and Joseph Pacelli
      We examine whether bankers face disciplining consequences for structuring poorly performing corporate loans. We construct a novel data set containing the employment histories and loan portfolios of a large sample of corporate bankers and find that corporate credit... View Details
      Keywords: Syndicated Loans; Credit Events; Career Outcomes; Loan Officers; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Risk Management; Corporate Finance; Personal Development and Career
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      Gao, Janet, Kristoph Kleiner, and Joseph Pacelli. "Credit and Punishment: Are Corporate Bankers Disciplined for Risk-Taking?" Review of Financial Studies 33, no. 12 (December 2020): 5706–5749.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      The Myth of the Lead Arranger’s Share

      By: Kristian Blickle, Quirin Fleckenstein, Sebastian Hillenbrand and Anthony Saunders
      We make use of Shared National Credit Program (SNC) data to examine syndicated loans in which the lead arranger retains no stake. We find that the lead arranger sells its entire loan share for 27 percent of term loans and 48 percent of Term B loans, typically shortly... View Details
      Keywords: Syndicated Loans; Lead Arrangers; Financing and Loans
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      Blickle, Kristian, Quirin Fleckenstein, Sebastian Hillenbrand, and Anthony Saunders. "The Myth of the Lead Arranger’s Share." Working Paper, May 2020.
      • February 2019 (Revised January 2020)
      • Case

      Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (A)

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Mike Harmon
      This case (A), and its related cases (B-E), establish a setting to discuss an M&A transaction and some of the key legal contracts that are associated with it. In 2010, private equity backed food manufacturer Pierre Foods is contemplating the acquisition of a key... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Contracts; Agreements and Arrangements; Negotiation; Complexity
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Mike Harmon. "Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (A)." Harvard Business School Case 919-022, February 2019. (Revised January 2020.)
      • February 2019 (Revised March 2021)
      • Supplement

      Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (D-1): Credit Agreement—Borrower Perspective

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Mike Harmon
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Mike Harmon. "Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (D-1): Credit Agreement—Borrower Perspective." Harvard Business School Supplement 919-027, February 2019. (Revised March 2021.)
      • February 2019 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (D-2): Credit Agreement—Lender Perspective

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Mike Harmon
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Mike Harmon. "Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (D-2): Credit Agreement—Lender Perspective." Harvard Business School Case 919-028, February 2019. (Revised April 2024.)
      • August 2015
      • Article

      Poultry in Motion: A Study of International Trade Finance Practices

      By: Pol Antràs and C. Fritz Foley
      This paper analyzes the financing terms that support international trade and sheds light on how these terms shape the impact of economic shocks on trade. Analysis of transaction-level data from a U.S.-based exporter of frozen and refrigerated food products, primarily... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; International Finance; Financing and Loans; Trade
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      Antràs, Pol, and C. Fritz Foley. "Poultry in Motion: A Study of International Trade Finance Practices." Journal of Political Economy 123, no. 4 (August 2015): 853–901. (Revised May 2014. Online Appendix.)
      • September 2013
      • Article

      Combining Banking with Private Equity Investing

      By: Lily H. Fang, Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
      Bank-affiliated private equity groups account for 30% of all private equity investments. Their market share is highest during peaks of the private equity market, when the parent banks arrange more debt financing for in-house transactions yet have the lowest exposure to... View Details
      Keywords: Regulation; Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry
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      Fang, Lily H., Victoria Ivashina, and Josh Lerner. "Combining Banking with Private Equity Investing." Review of Financial Studies 26, no. 9 (September 2013): 2139–2173.
      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      Combining Banking with Private Equity Investing

      By: Lily Fang, Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
      Bank-affiliated private equity groups account for 30% of all private equity investments. Their market share is highest during peaks of the private equity market, when the parent banks arrange more debt financing for in-house transactions yet have the lowest exposure to... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Fang, Lily, Victoria Ivashina, and Josh Lerner. "Combining Banking with Private Equity Investing." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 19300, August 2013.
      • 2013
      • Chapter

      Weighted Generating Functions for Type II Lattices and Codes

      By: Noam D. Elkies and Scott Duke Kominers
      We give a new structural development of harmonic polynomials on Hamming space, and harmonic weight enumerators of binary linear codes, that parallels one approach to harmonic polynomials on Euclidean space and weighted theta functions of Euclidean lattices. Namely, we... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods
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      Elkies, Noam D., and Scott Duke Kominers. "Weighted Generating Functions for Type II Lattices and Codes." In Quadratic and Higher Degree Forms. Vol. 31, edited by Alladi Krishnaswami, Manjul Bhargava, David Savitt, and Pham Huu Tiep, 63–108. Developments in Mathematics. Springer, 2013.
      • August 2011 (Revised October 2014)
      • Supplement

      High Wire Act: Credit Suisse and Contingent Capital (B)

      By: Clayton S. Rose and Aldo Sesia
      The B case describes the process and terms of the very successful offerings of contingent capital in February 2011, as well as The Basel Committee's preliminary decision not to allow contingent capital to count as Tier 1 equity. View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decisions; Financial Crisis; Finance; Capital; Financial Instruments; Leadership
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      Rose, Clayton S., and Aldo Sesia. "High Wire Act: Credit Suisse and Contingent Capital (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 312-008, August 2011. (Revised October 2014.)
      • October 2010
      • Supplement

      Belco Global Foods: Spreadsheet Supplement (CW)

      By: C. Fritz Foley and Matthew Johnson
      This case introduces students to the fundamental issues that managers face when deciding what international trade finance terms to use when transacting with other firms. In late 2009, Pam Arnold, the Head of Global Credit at Belco Global Foods must decide which trade... View Details
      Keywords: Customers; Decisions; Trade; Financial Strategy; Governance Compliance; Managerial Roles; Market Transactions
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      Foley, C. Fritz, and Matthew Johnson. "Belco Global Foods: Spreadsheet Supplement (CW)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 211-703, October 2010.
      • October 2010 (Revised November 2010)
      • Case

      Belco Global Foods

      By: C. Fritz Foley and Matthew Johnson
      This case introduces students to the fundamental issues that managers face when deciding what international trade finance terms to use when transacting with other firms. In late 2009, Pam Arnold, the head of global credit at Belco Global Foods, must decide which trade... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Credit; Financing and Loans; International Finance; Globalized Firms and Management; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Foley, C. Fritz, and Matthew Johnson. "Belco Global Foods." Harvard Business School Case 211-033, October 2010. (Revised November 2010.)
      • September 2010 (Revised October 2010)
      • Background Note

      Note on International Trade Finance

      By: C. Fritz Foley, Matthew Johnson and David Lane
      This note provides an introduction to the financing terms and payment arrangements that support international trade. It describes the principal instruments of trade finance, the limited evidence on their relative use, and the international trade dispute resolution... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Credit; Financial Instruments; Financing and Loans; International Finance; Conflict and Resolution
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      Foley, C. Fritz, Matthew Johnson, and David Lane. "Note on International Trade Finance." Harvard Business School Background Note 211-007, September 2010. (Revised October 2010.)
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Crashes and Collateralized Lending

      By: Jakub W. Jurek and Erik Stafford
      This paper develops a parsimonious static model for characterizing financing terms in collateralized lending markets. We characterize the systematic risk exposures for a variety of securities and develop a simple indifference-pricing framework to value the systematic... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Borrowing and Debt; Cost of Capital; Credit; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Investment; Framework; Risk and Uncertainty; Financial Services Industry
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      Jurek, Jakub W., and Erik Stafford. "Crashes and Collateralized Lending." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-025, September 2010.
      • January 2009 (Revised February 2010)
      • Case

      Necessity and Invention: Monetary Policy Innovation and the Subprime Crisis

      By: Aldo Musacchio and Dante Roscini
      This case describes the efforts of Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve, to improve liquidity in money markets during the subprime crisis. The case explains the four main new tools for monetary policy (or quantitative easing) the Federal Reserve has used... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Money; Financial Liquidity; Central Banking; Policy; Business and Government Relations
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      Musacchio, Aldo, and Dante Roscini. "Necessity and Invention: Monetary Policy Innovation and the Subprime Crisis." Harvard Business School Case 709-041, January 2009. (Revised February 2010.)
      • December 2006 (Revised February 2009)
      • Case

      China Merchants Bank: Here Just For You

      By: F. Warren McFarlan, GuoQing Chen, HengYuan Zhu, Bin Yang, Michael Shih-ta Chen, G.A. Donovan, Waishun Lo and Yan Yang
      Founded in 1987, China Merchants Bank (CMB) is a pioneer in the use of technical innovation and IT as a competitive tool in the rapidly evolving Chinese banking sector. With a relatively small branch network when compared to its larger competitors, CMB uses an... View Details
      Keywords: Credit Cards; Information Technology; Technological Innovation; Innovation Leadership; Competitive Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Emerging Markets; Opportunities; Banking Industry; China; Hong Kong
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      McFarlan, F. Warren, GuoQing Chen, HengYuan Zhu, Bin Yang, Michael Shih-ta Chen, G.A. Donovan, Waishun Lo, and Yan Yang. "China Merchants Bank: Here Just For You." Harvard Business School Case 307-081, December 2006. (Revised February 2009.)
      • April 2006 (Revised March 2007)
      • Case

      PayPal Merchant Services

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann and Lauren Barley
      In early 2006, PayPal management is deciding how to respond to Google's entry into online payments. PayPal, owned by eBay, has targeted online merchants outside eBay's auction community for its next wave of expansion. Google represents a potential threat to PayPal's... View Details
      Keywords: Internet and the Web; Competition; Expansion; Service Operations; Auctions; Web Services Industry; Service Industry
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R., and Lauren Barley. "PayPal Merchant Services." Harvard Business School Case 806-188, April 2006. (Revised March 2007.)
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