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    • All HBS Web  (348)
      • Faculty Publications  (87)

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      • March 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Perplexity: Redefining Search

      By: Suraj Srinivasan, Michelle Hu, Sriraghav Srinivasan and Radhika Kak
      By early 2025, Perplexity had rapidly evolved from a modest startup into a popular "answer engine" valued at $9 billion. The company had boldly positioned itself as the disruptor to Google aiming to redefine search for the AI age. Through novel AI... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Venture Capital; Innovation Leadership; Technological Innovation; Internet and the Web; Business Startups; Competitive Strategy; Technology Industry; United States
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, Michelle Hu, Sriraghav Srinivasan, and Radhika Kak. "Perplexity: Redefining Search." Harvard Business School Case 125-093, March 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Managing Complexity at mymuesli

      By: Thomas Graeber and Stacy Straaberg
      In April 2009, direct-to-consumer e-commerce muesli brand mymuesli faced a flood of customer questions. The breakfast cereal startup enabled users to order personalized muesli on its website by choosing from 75 organic ingredients for a total of 566 quadrillion... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Satisfaction; Decisions; Food; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Product Launch; Problems and Challenges; Behavior; Competitive Advantage; Customization and Personalization; Segmentation; Internet and the Web; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; Germany
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      Graeber, Thomas, and Stacy Straaberg. "Managing Complexity at mymuesli." Harvard Business School Case 925-008, February 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Technical Note

      Get Cool: Air Conditioning Industry Background

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      The “air conditioning paradox” is tied to climate change: the more the planet warms, the greater the need for cooling (due to the dangers of extreme heat as well as comfort within buildings), but the use of electricity-powered AC contributes to further warming. There... View Details
      Keywords: Appliances; Global Warming; Energy Efficiency; Climate Change; Venture Capital; Demand and Consumers; Distribution Channels; Green Technology; United States; Asia
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Get Cool: Air Conditioning Industry Background." Harvard Business School Technical Note 325-077, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      GE Appliances 2025: Energizing Change

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      At the turn of 2025, Kevin Nolan, CEO of GE Appliances following its acquisition by Chinese appliance giant Haier in 2016, is reviewing progress toward his net zero carbon vision for homes, which would otherwise exacerbate the global warming climate crisis. An... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Transformation; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Technological Innovation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "GE Appliances 2025: Energizing Change." Harvard Business School Case 325-089, January 2025.
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Innovation at Master Kong Beverages

      By: David E. Bell and Shu Lin
      Hong-Chen Wei (HBS MBA 2014), Chairman of KSF Beverage Holding Co., Ltd. (KSFB), was steering the company toward the premium segment with the launch of “InheriTea,” a premium, sugar-free tea product. Traditionally, KSFB’s flagship brand, Master Kong, catered to the... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Trends; Behavior; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Product Launch; Product Development; Segmentation; Organizational Culture; Product Positioning; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Asia; China
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      Bell, David E., and Shu Lin. "Innovation at Master Kong Beverages." Harvard Business School Case 525-037, November 2024.
      • 2024
      • Article

      Supply and Demand and the Term Structure of Interest Rates

      By: Robin Greenwood, Samuel Hanson and Dimitri Vayanos
      We survey the growing literature emphasizing the role that supply-and-demand forces play in shaping the term structure of interest rates. Our starting point is the Vayanos and Vila (2009, 2021) model of the term structure of default-free bond yields, which we present... View Details
      Keywords: Demand and Consumers; Interest Rates; Bonds; Financial Markets
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      Greenwood, Robin, Samuel Hanson, and Dimitri Vayanos. "Supply and Demand and the Term Structure of Interest Rates." Annual Review of Financial Economics 16 (2024): 115–151.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Incrementality Representation Learning: Synergizing Past Experiments for Intervention Personalization

      By: Ta-Wei Huang, Eva Ascarza and Ayelet Israeli
      This paper introduces Incrementality Representation Learning (IRL), a novel multitask representation learning framework that predicts heterogeneous causal effects of marketing interventions. By leveraging past experiments, IRL efficiently designs and targets... View Details
      Keywords: Heterogeneous Treatment Effect; Multi-task Learning; Representation Learning; Personalization; Promotion; Deep Learning; Field Experiments; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customization and Personalization
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      Huang, Ta-Wei, Eva Ascarza, and Ayelet Israeli. "Incrementality Representation Learning: Synergizing Past Experiments for Intervention Personalization." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-076, June 2024.
      • April 2024
      • Article

      Detecting Routines: Applications to Ridesharing CRM

      By: Ryan Dew, Eva Ascarza, Oded Netzer and Nachum Sicherman
      Routines shape many aspects of day-to-day consumption. While prior work has established the importance of habits in consumer behavior, little work has been done to understand the implications of routines—which we define as repeated behaviors with recurring, temporal... View Details
      Keywords: Ride-sharing; Routine; Machine Learning; Customer Relationship Management; Consumer Behavior; Segmentation
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      Dew, Ryan, Eva Ascarza, Oded Netzer, and Nachum Sicherman. "Detecting Routines: Applications to Ridesharing CRM." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 61, no. 2 (April 2024): 368–392.
      • February 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Teaching Note

      Travelogo: Understanding Customer Journeys

      By: Eva Ascarza and Ta-Wei Huang
      Teaching Note for HBS Exercise 524-044. The exercise aims to teach students about 1) Customer Segmentation; and 2) constructing buying personas, 3) Get actionable insights from clickstream data. View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analysis; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing Strategy; Segmentation; Consumer Behavior; Travel Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, and Ta-Wei Huang. "Travelogo: Understanding Customer Journeys." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 524-045, February 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Exercise

      Travelogo: Understanding Customer Journeys

      By: Eva Ascarza, Nicolas Padilla and Oded Netzer
      In late May 2023, Sarah Merino, the newly appointed manager of the Customer Insights group at Travelogo—an online travel booking platform—initiates a comprehensive analysis of clickstream data to understand the varied behaviors and needs of their users. In preparation... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analysis; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing Strategy; Segmentation; Consumer Behavior; Travel Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Nicolas Padilla, and Oded Netzer. "Travelogo: Understanding Customer Journeys." Harvard Business School Exercise 524-044, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • December 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      21Seeds: Taking Shots at Breakout Growth

      By: Elie Ofek, Julian De Freitas, Michael Moynihan and Nicole Tempest Keller
      21Seeds, a female-founded flavor-infused tequila startup launched in 2019, had made inroads into the alcoholic beverage industry by focusing on an underserved consumer segment in spirits—women, primarily in their 30s and 40s, many of whom were moms—and by following a... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Distribution Channels; Sales; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, Julian De Freitas, Michael Moynihan, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "21Seeds: Taking Shots at Breakout Growth." Harvard Business School Case 524-008, December 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Norse Atlantic Airways

      By: Willy Shih
      Bjørn Tore Larsen, Norse Atlantic Airways' founder and CEO, hadn't planned to get into the airline business. But when the COVID-19 pandemic depressed the global demand for air travel and the lease rates for jetliners, he realized if ever he was going to get into the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Startups; Market Entry and Exit; Leasing; Business Strategy; Segmentation; Interest Rates; Air Transportation Industry; Europe; North America; Norway; United Kingdom; United States
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      Shih, Willy. "Norse Atlantic Airways." Harvard Business School Case 624-034, November 2023. (Revised April 2025.)
      • August 2023 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      Zegna

      By: Rohit Deshpandé, Dante Roscini and Elena Corsi
      In 2023, the Italian luxury Zegna brand, traditionally known for formal menswear, was refocusing towards leisure wear, following a recent consumer trend. Such a move exposed the brand to more competition, in a segment where perhaps its made-in-Italy feature was less of... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Luxury; Competition; Fashion Industry; Italy
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      Deshpandé, Rohit, Dante Roscini, and Elena Corsi. "Zegna." Harvard Business School Case 524-021, August 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
      • July 2023
      • Case

      Crocs: Using Community-Centric Marketing to Make Ugly Iconic

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Anne V. Wilson
      In 2022, the Crocs Classic Clog was the best-selling item of clothing on Amazon, the brand was one of the fastest growing brands in the U.S., and global net revenue had increased to approximately $3.6 billion. By most accounts, Crocs had become the “it” shoe. Crocs... View Details
      Keywords: Brands and Branding; Product Development; Growth and Development; Customer Value and Value Chain; Digital Marketing; Digital Strategy; Segmentation; Advertising; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Anne V. Wilson. "Crocs: Using Community-Centric Marketing to Make Ugly Iconic." Harvard Business School Case 524-006, July 2023.
      • May 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Away: Scaling a DTC Travel Brand

      By: Joseph B. Fuller and Jill Avery
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 520-051. Away, a direct-to-consumer, digital native e-commerce seller of travel luggage, is debating how to invest its latest round of venture funding. How quickly could and should Away scale and what were the most promising growth... View Details
      Keywords: Distribution; Growth and Development Strategy; E-commerce; Segmentation; Venture Capital; Consumer Products Industry
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      Fuller, Joseph B., and Jill Avery. "Away: Scaling a DTC Travel Brand." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-109, May 2023.
      • March–April 2023
      • Article

      Market Segmentation Trees

      By: Ali Aouad, Adam Elmachtoub, Kris J. Ferreira and Ryan McNellis
      Problem definition: We seek to provide an interpretable framework for segmenting users in a population for personalized decision making. Methodology/results: We propose a general methodology, market segmentation trees (MSTs), for learning market... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Trees; Computational Advertising; Market Segmentation; Analytics and Data Science; E-commerce; Consumer Behavior; Marketplace Matching; Marketing Channels; Digital Marketing
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      Aouad, Ali, Adam Elmachtoub, Kris J. Ferreira, and Ryan McNellis. "Market Segmentation Trees." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 25, no. 2 (March–April 2023): 648–667.
      • December 2022
      • Article

      When and How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality and Advertising Decisions in a Duopoly

      By: Dominique Olié Lauga, Elie Ofek and Zsolt Katona
      A prominent hallmark of competitive interaction is the desire to differentiate from rivals. In this article, the authors examine under what conditions firms will differentiate through product quality versus advertising intensity. Firms select quality in a first stage,... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Advertising; Product Positioning
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      Lauga, Dominique Olié, Elie Ofek, and Zsolt Katona. "When and How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality and Advertising Decisions in a Duopoly." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 59, no. 2 (December 2022): 1252–1265.
      • August 2022
      • Background Note

      Retail Media Networks

      By: Eva Ascarza, Ayelet Israeli and Celine Chammas
      In 2022, retail media was one of the fastest growing segments in digital advertising. A retail media network (RMN) allows a retailer to use its assets for advertising. Retailers set up an advertising business by allowing marketers to buy advertising space across their... View Details
      Keywords: Advertisers; Advertising Media; Media And Broadcasting Industry; Retail; Retail Analytics; Retail Promotion; Retailing; Ecommerce; E-Commerce Strategy; E-commerce; Marketing Communication; Targeting; Targeted Advertising; Targeted Marketing; Advertising; Marketing; Marketing Communications; Marketing Strategy; Brands and Branding; Media; Marketing Channels; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Ayelet Israeli, and Celine Chammas. "Retail Media Networks." Harvard Business School Background Note 523-029, August 2022.
      • July 2022 (Revised February 2024)
      • Teaching Note

      The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-055. When the mother-daughter founders of DivaCup set out with a mission to disrupt the menstrual care industry with an innovative product form, they initially struggled to gain legitimacy and convince retailers to carry their unique... View Details
      Keywords: Female; Female Ceo; Female Entrepreneur; Female Protagonist; Health & Wellness; Healthcare; Price Policies; Minimum Advertised Price; Differentiation; Positioning; Growth; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Price; Disruption; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Competitive Strategy; Competition; Growth Management; Mission and Purpose; Product Development; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Advertising; Business Startups; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Social Issues; Social Enterprise; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Canada; United States; United Kingdom
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-008, July 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
      • May 2021
      • Teaching Note

      American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)

      By: Sunil Gupta and Alvin J. Silk
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-019. View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Marketing; Market Segmentation; Pricing; Pricing Strategy; Demand Analysis; Competition; Marketing; Segmentation; Price; Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Analysis; Air Transportation Industry
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      Gupta, Sunil, and Alvin J. Silk. "American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 521-108, May 2021.
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