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  • April 2004 (Revised November 2004)
  • Background Note

Why Complex Systems Fail

Operationally excellent organizations create competitive opportunities for themselves that are not available to their peers. One view of the manager's competitive dilemma is to pick the right position for his organization, differentiating it, for example, as a... View Details
Keywords: Organizations; Complexity
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Spear, Steven J., and Bryce LaPierre. "Why Complex Systems Fail." Harvard Business School Background Note 604-083, April 2004. (Revised November 2004.)
  • July 2007
  • Article

Patterned Interactions in Complex Systems

By: J. Rivkin and Nicolaj Siggelkow
Keywords: System
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Rivkin, J., and Nicolaj Siggelkow. "Patterned Interactions in Complex Systems." Management Science 53, no. 7 (July 2007).
  • July 2021 (Revised July 2024)
  • Course Overview Note

Social Entrepreneurship and Systems Change

By: Brian Trelstad and Preeti Varma
Systems thinking is a discipline that emerged in the 20th century as a way to understand the complex interrelationships among various players and dynamics within an industry or field that resist simple, reductionist thinking. The big challenges we face play out in... View Details
Keywords: Systems Thinking; Social Entrepreneurship; System; Change
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Trelstad, Brian, and Preeti Varma. "Social Entrepreneurship and Systems Change." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 322-029, July 2021. (Revised July 2024.)
  • 2004
  • Working Paper

Modularity in the Design of Complex Engineering Systems

By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark
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Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Kim B. Clark. "Modularity in the Design of Complex Engineering Systems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 04-055, May 2004.
  • July 2014
  • Article

Project Complexity and Systems Integration: Constructing the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics Games

By: Andrew Davies and Ian Mackenzie
Our study of the London Olympics 2012 construction programme showed that systems integration is one of the major challenges involved in delivery of a complex "system of systems"—or array—project. Organizations cope with complexity by decomposing a project into... View Details
Keywords: Integration; Construction; Complexity; Sports; Projects; Construction Industry; Sports Industry; London
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Davies, Andrew, and Ian Mackenzie. "Project Complexity and Systems Integration: Constructing the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics Games." International Journal of Project Management 32, no. 5 (July 2014): 773–790.
  • 2006
  • Chapter

Modularity in the Design of Complex Engineering Systems

By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark
Keywords: Complexity; Design; Engineering
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Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Kim B. Clark. "Modularity in the Design of Complex Engineering Systems." In Complex Engineered Systems: Science Meets Technology, edited by Ali Minai, Dan Braha, and Yaneer Bar Yam. New England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity. NY: Springer, 2006.
  • May 2022
  • Article

Complex Disclosure

By: Ginger Zhe Jin, Michael Luca and Daniel Martin
We present evidence that unnecessarily complex disclosure can result from strategic incentives to shroud information. In our lab experiment, senders are required to report their private information truthfully, but can choose how complex to make their reports. We find... View Details
Keywords: Disclosure; Experiments; Naiveté; Overconfidence; Corporate Disclosure; Policy; Information; Complexity; Strategy; Consumer Behavior
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Jin, Ginger Zhe, Michael Luca, and Daniel Martin. "Complex Disclosure." Management Science 68, no. 5 (May 2022): 3236–3261.
  • June 2002
  • Background Note

Complexity Theory and Negotiation

By: Michael A. Wheeler and Gillian Morris
This case highlights an application of current thoughts in complexity science to negotiation theory. It emphasizes a provocative approach that questions much of traditional negotiation research thus far. The case explains the roots of complexity science and some broad... View Details
Keywords: Complexity; Negotiation Tactics; Outcome or Result; Interpersonal Communication
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Wheeler, Michael A., and Gillian Morris. "Complexity Theory and Negotiation." Harvard Business School Background Note 902-230, June 2002.
  • 2001
  • Working Paper

Developing Complex Systems in Dynamics Environments: A Study of "Architectural Innovation"

By: Alan MacCormack
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MacCormack, Alan. Developing Complex Systems in Dynamics Environments: A Study of "Architectural Innovation". Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 02-035, December 2001.
  • 06 Jun 2018
  • Working Paper Summaries

Complex Disclosure

Keywords: by Ginger Zhe Jin, Michael Luca, and Daniel Martin
  • Other Article

Introduction

By: Stefano Brusoni, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam and Melissa Schilling
In 2000, Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark published Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, a book that introduced new ways of understanding and explaining the architecture of complex systems. This Special Issue of Industrial and Corporate Change celebrates... View Details
Keywords: Complex Systems; Industry Structure; Systems Design; Complexity; Organizational Design; Competitive Strategy; Innovation and Management
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Brusoni, Stefano, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam, and Melissa Schilling. "Introduction." Special Issue on The Power of Modularity: Twenty Years of Design Rules. Industrial and Corporate Change 32, no. 1 (February 2023): 1–10.
  • July 2003
  • Article

Probabilistic Representation of Complexity

By: Nabil I Al-Najjar, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Emre Ozdenoren
We study individuals' behavior in an environment that is deterministic, but too complex to permit tractable deterministic representation. Under mild conditions, behavior is represented by a unique probabilistic model in which the agent's inability to think through all... View Details
Keywords: Complexity; Behavior; Problems and Challenges; Risk and Uncertainty; Planning
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Al-Najjar, Nabil I., Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Emre Ozdenoren. "Probabilistic Representation of Complexity." Journal of Economic Theory 111, no. 1 (July 2003): 49–87.
  • 02 Feb 2002
  • Conference Presentation

Leading Complex Organizations

By: Scott Snook
Keywords: Organizations; Complexity; Leadership
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Snook, Scott. "Leading Complex Organizations." Paper presented at the Director of Central Intelligence Agency's Leadership Seminar, Williamsburg, VA, February 02, 2002.
  • 2023
  • Working Paper

The Complexity of Economic Decisions

By: Xavier Gabaix and Thomas Graeber
We propose a theory of the complexity of economic decisions. Leveraging a macroeconomic framework of production functions, we conceptualize the mind as a cognitive economy, where a task’s complexity is determined by its composition of cognitive operations. Complexity... View Details
Keywords: Decisions; Complexity; Perception; Consumer Behavior; Production
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Gabaix, Xavier, and Thomas Graeber. "The Complexity of Economic Decisions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-049, February 2024.
  • 09 Jul 2019
  • Blog Post

Solving the Complexities of the Biotechnology Industry

Biotechnology is a complex industry which combines applied science & engineering and applied business practices with life science.  It is the most multi-faceted industry segment there is because it is ultimately focused on the most... View Details
  • 2014
  • Article

Framework for China's Novel Sustainable Evaluation System Strategy

By: Robert G. Eccles and Peijun Duan
China’s sustainable development faces three challenges: first, the follow-up momentum of sustainable economic growth and economic transformation is insufficient; second, some resources and environment loads have reached their limits; third, some products affecting the... View Details
Keywords: Sustainable Development; Integrated Report; New Evaluation System; China
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Eccles, Robert G., and Peijun Duan. "Framework for China's Novel Sustainable Evaluation System Strategy." Art. 1. Zhongguo ke xue yuan yuan kan [Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences] 29, no. 4 (2014): 401–409.
  • April 2003 (Revised December 2003)
  • Background Note

Analyzing Complex Negotiations

Develops a framework linking structural diagnosis and strategy design in complicated (complex and ambiguous) negotiations. To develop good strategies, negotiators must rigorously diagnose the structure of their negotiating situations. Equivalently, strategy follows... View Details
Keywords: Strategy; Negotiation Process; Complexity
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Watkins, Michael D. "Analyzing Complex Negotiations." Harvard Business School Background Note 903-088, April 2003. (Revised December 2003.)
  • Article

Understanding Boards of Directors: A Systems Perspective

By: Jay W. Lorsch
In this essay, my goal is to explore why, despite the tireless efforts of talented people, research on corporate governance has been slow and uneven, and where that research should turn to next to be most valuable to practitioners. My belief is that the most fruitful... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Boards; Business Admnistration; Social Systems; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; System
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Lorsch, Jay W. "Understanding Boards of Directors: A Systems Perspective." Annals of Corporate Governance 2, no. 1 (February 2017): 1–49.
  • 2019
  • Working Paper

‘Organizing’, ‘Innovating’ and ‘Managing’ in Complexity Space

By: Michael C. Moldoveanu
We two-dimensional measure of organizational complexity that distinguishes between the informational and computational dimensions of complexity and aims to function as a maximally context-invariant environment for posing fundamental questions about organizational... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Dynamics; Organizations; Complexity; Adaptation; Innovation and Invention
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Moldoveanu, Michael C. "‘Organizing’, ‘Innovating’ and ‘Managing’ in Complexity Space." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-128, June 2019.
  • 30 Jul 2019
  • Working Paper Summaries

‘Organizing’, ‘Innovating’, and ‘Managing’ in Complexity Space

Keywords: by Michael C. Moldoveanu
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