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      • Faculty Publications  (80)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      E-ledgers Carbon Accounting

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
      In prior publications, we introduced a global system of interconnected E-ledgers that produces—in as close to real time as practicable—accurate, comparable, and verifiable accounts of the cradle-to-gate (net) greenhouse-gas emissions in any product or service that... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Accounting; Digital Platforms
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "E-ledgers Carbon Accounting." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 26-004, August 2025.
      • July 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Greenwood Online: A Fin-Tech Service for Culture and Community

      By: James Riley and Bernal Cortés
      In 2020, Ryan Glover and Paul Judge launched Greenwood, a fintech startup designed to counter systemic racial discrimination in the American banking ecosystem by offering accessible financial services tailored to Black and Brown communities, but available to all.... View Details
      Keywords: Purpose; Identity; Cultural Branding; Impression Management; Organization Behavior; Strategic Alignment; Start-up; Mission and Purpose; Decision Making; Decisions; Marketing Strategy; Organizational Structure; Banking Industry; United States
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      Riley, James, and Bernal Cortés. "Greenwood Online: A Fin-Tech Service for Culture and Community." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 426-019, July 2025.
      • July 2025
      • Case

      Greenwood Online: A Fin-Tech Service for Culture and Community (A)

      By: James Riley and Bernal Cortés
      In 2020, Ryan Glover and Paul Judge launched Greenwood, a fintech startup designed to counter systemic racial discrimination in the American banking ecosystem by offering accessible financial services tailored to Black and Brown communities, but available to all.... View Details
      Keywords: Purpose; Identity; Cultural Branding; Impression Management; Organization Behavior; Strategic Alignment; Start-up; Mission and Purpose; Decisions; Marketing Strategy; Organizational Structure; Banking Industry; United States
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      Riley, James, and Bernal Cortés. "Greenwood Online: A Fin-Tech Service for Culture and Community (A)." Harvard Business School Case 426-017, July 2025.
      • March 2025 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Good for the Seller, Good for the Buyer and Good for Society: Sampo-yoshi, Sustainability and Trust at ITOCHU

      By: Sandra J. Sucher and Bethelehem Y Araya
      In 2024, ITOCHU CEO Masahiro Okafuji was at a crossroads. As the thirteenth CEO since ITOCHU’s founding in 1858, he had fueled the company’s growth since 2011 by bringing ITOCHU’s founding philosophy of Sampo-yoshi (good for the seller, good for the buyer and... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Trust; Profit; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Japan
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      Sucher, Sandra J., and Bethelehem Y Araya. "Good for the Seller, Good for the Buyer and Good for Society: Sampo-yoshi, Sustainability and Trust at ITOCHU." Harvard Business School Case 325-053, March 2025. (Revised March 2025.)
      • March 2025
      • Article

      Novice Risk Work: How Juniors Coaching Seniors on Emerging Technologies Such as Generative AI Can Lead to Learning Failures

      By: Katherine C. Kellogg, Hila Lifshitz-Assaf, Steven Randazzo, Ethan Mollick, Fabrizio Dell'Acqua, Edward McFowland III, François Candelon and Karim R. Lakhani
      The literature on communities of practice demonstrates that a proven way for senior professionals to upskill themselves in the use of new technologies that undermine existing expertise is to learn from junior professionals. It notes that juniors may be better able... View Details
      Keywords: Rank and Position; Competency and Skills; Technology Adoption; Experience and Expertise; AI and Machine Learning
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      Kellogg, Katherine C., Hila Lifshitz-Assaf, Steven Randazzo, Ethan Mollick, Fabrizio Dell'Acqua, Edward McFowland III, François Candelon, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Novice Risk Work: How Juniors Coaching Seniors on Emerging Technologies Such as Generative AI Can Lead to Learning Failures." Art. 100559. Information and Organization 35, no. 1 (March 2025).
      • September 2024
      • Case

      Cathay Cargo: Turnaround Short Haul, or Double Crew Long Haul?

      By: Willy Shih and Billy Chan
      Tom Owen, Director Cargo at Cathay Pacific Airways, had a problem. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the grounding of passenger flights meant the sudden loss of 50% of the airline's cargo carrying capacity. But the bigger challenge was that the Hong Kong government imposed... View Details
      Keywords: Operations; Resource Allocation; Cash Flow; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Health Pandemics; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Air Transportation Industry; Hong Kong
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      Shih, Willy, and Billy Chan. "Cathay Cargo: Turnaround Short Haul, or Double Crew Long Haul?" Harvard Business School Case 625-019, September 2024.
      • August 2024
      • Case

      Oculii

      By: Andy Wu and Lucas Defilippo
      It was a bright June day in 2016. Steven Hong, co-founder and COO of Oculii had just signed a letter of intent agreeing to a 51% stake acquisition by Nexteer Automotive, a global steering and driveline supplier company that developed advanced driver assistance systems... View Details
      Keywords: Automotive; Autonomous Vehicles; Wireless Communications; Mergers and Acquisitions; Communication Intention and Meaning; Intellectual Property; Growth Management; Negotiation Deal; Supply Chain; Auto Industry; Technology Industry
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      Wu, Andy, and Lucas Defilippo. "Oculii." Harvard Business School Case 725-380, August 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World

      By: Josh Lerner, Junxi Liu, Jacob Moscona and David Yang
      Global innovation and entrepreneurship has traditionally been dominated by a handful of high-income countries, especially the US. This paper investigates the international consequences of the rise of a new hub for innovation, focusing on the dramatic growth of... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Emerging Markets; Economic Growth; China
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      Lerner, Josh, Junxi Liu, Jacob Moscona, and David Yang. "Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-061, March 2024. (Revise and Resubmit, Journal of Political Economy. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 31898 and European Corporate Governance Institute Working Paper No. 964/2024. Related discussion published as “China’s Rise Reshaped Global Entrepreneurship and Expanded the Benefits of Innovation,” VoxDev, 2024 and “Sharing the Entrepreneurial Wealth,” VoxChina, 2024 and VoxEU, 2024.)
      • March 2024 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      Governing OpenAI (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan and Will Hurwitz
      In late November 2023, OpenAI’s new board of directors took stock of the situation. The company, which sought to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI)—computer systems with capabilities exceeding human abilities—was looking to regain its footing after a chaotic... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Board Dynamics; Corporate Boards; Governance Changes; Governance Structure; Leadership Change; Legal Aspects Of Business; Nonprofit Governance; Strategy And Execution; Technological Change; AI and Machine Learning; Corporate Governance; Leadership; Management; Mission and Purpose; Technological Innovation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resignation and Termination; Ethics; Nonprofit Organizations; Open Source Distribution; Partners and Partnerships; Technology Industry; San Francisco; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, and Will Hurwitz. "Governing OpenAI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-103, March 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
      • February 2024
      • Article

      Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials

      By: Marcella Alsan, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein and Heidi L. Williams
      This article examines the consequences and causes of low enrollment of Black patients in clinical trials. We develop a simple model of similarity-based extrapolation that predicts that evidence is more relevant for decision-making by physicians and patients when it... View Details
      Keywords: Representation; Racial Disparity; Health Testing and Trials; Race; Equality and Inequality; Innovation and Invention; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Alsan, Marcella, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein, and Heidi L. Williams. "Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials." Quarterly Journal of Economics 139, no. 1 (February 2024): 575–635.
      • 2023
      • Book

      Suharto's Cold War: Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and the World

      By: Mattias Fibiger
      After the murder of senior generals in the Indonesian army by elements of the country's communist party in 1965, General Suharto orchestrated the mass killing of some half a million leftists and fellow travelers. But his ambitions spanned far beyond perpetrating a... View Details
      Keywords: Indonesia; Cold War; Political Economy; Foreign Aid; International Investment; International Relations; International Finance; History; War; Economic Systems; Government and Politics; Indonesia; Southeast Asia
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      Fibiger, Mattias. Suharto's Cold War: Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Culture as a Signal: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment

      By: Wei Cai, Dennis Campbell and Jiehang Yu
      The importance of culture as an informal management control system is increasingly acknowledged in academia. While prior research mainly focuses on the value of culture on internal stakeholders (e.g., employees), we examine whether culture serves as a credible signal... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Culture; Groups and Teams; Customer Focus and Relationships
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      Cai, Wei, Dennis Campbell, and Jiehang Yu. "Culture as a Signal: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment." SSRN Working Paper Series, No. 4447603, May 2023.
      • May 2023
      • Article

      Decarbonizing Health Care: Engaging Leaders in Change

      By: Vivian S. Lee, Kathy Gerwig, Emily Hough, Kedar Mate, Robert Biggio and Robert S. Kaplan
      Health care leaders are often surprised to learn that their operations contribute significantly to a warming climate. In addition to their roles as responders to and victims of extreme weather events, health care organizations have an obligation to reduce... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care; Decarbonization; Carbon Emissions; Net-zero Emissions; Climate Change; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry
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      Lee, Vivian S., Kathy Gerwig, Emily Hough, Kedar Mate, Robert Biggio, and Robert S. Kaplan. "Decarbonizing Health Care: Engaging Leaders in Change." NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery 4, no. 5 (May 2023).
      • April 21, 2023
      • Article

      When Scenario Planning Fails

      By: Kalle Heikkinen, William R. Kerr, Mika Malin, Panu Routila and Eemil Rupponen
      How can organizations perform scenario planning when they are hit by shocks outside of leaders’ field of vision? Interviews with Nordic executives, who experienced both the Covid-19 pandemic and were in close proximity to Russia as the country invaded Ukraine, can... View Details
      Keywords: Planning; Crisis Management; Organizational Structure; Forecasting and Prediction; System Shocks; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Heikkinen, Kalle, William R. Kerr, Mika Malin, Panu Routila, and Eemil Rupponen. "When Scenario Planning Fails." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 21, 2023).
      • April 2023 (Revised July 2023)
      • Case

      Fermenting Accounting Problems at Vermont Kombucha Corp.

      By: Tatiana Sandino and Marshal Herrmann
      Founded in 2005, Vermont Kombucha Corp. (V-Ko) was an early mover in the fledgling U.S. market for kombucha, a drink brewed for its health benefits. Early on, the company captured more than 90% of market share. Under the leadership of its founder and CEO, Joe Williams,... View Details
      Keywords: Going Public; Business Model; Financial Reporting; Ethics; Corporate Governance; Stock Shares; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Sandino, Tatiana, and Marshal Herrmann. "Fermenting Accounting Problems at Vermont Kombucha Corp." Harvard Business School Case 123-064, April 2023. (Revised July 2023.)
      • March 2023 (Revised June 2025)
      • Case

      Close Concerns: Diabetes Research and Advocacy

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Brian L. Walker
      This case describes the Exit considerations of Kelly Close, HBS MBA, and founder of the primary distributor of diabetes newsletters. It is part of the fourth module in the Innovating in Health Care HBS MBA course, which contains cases of other health care firms that... View Details
      Keywords: Diabetes; Health; Health Care; Health Care And Treatment; Health Care Outcomes; Health Care Industry; Knowledge Dissemination; Outcome or Result; Equality and Inequality; Business Model; Entrepreneurship
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Brian L. Walker. "Close Concerns: Diabetes Research and Advocacy." Harvard Business School Case 323-047, March 2023. (Revised June 2025.)
      • February 2023
      • Case

      Success Academy Charter Schools

      By: Robin Greenwood, Joshua D. Coval, Denise Han, Ruth Page and Dave Habeeb
      This stand-alone multimedia case follows the story of Eva Moskowitz and Success Academy, a network of high-performing charter schools in New York City. As a New York City councilor between 1999 and 2006, Moskowitz became frustrated over the inertia and dysfunction in... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Performance Effectiveness; Equality and Inequality; Private Sector; Education Industry; New York (city, NY)
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      Greenwood, Robin, Joshua D. Coval, Denise Han, Ruth Page, and Dave Habeeb. "Success Academy Charter Schools." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 222-707, February 2023.
      • Other Article

      Introduction

      By: Stefano Brusoni, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam and Melissa Schilling
      In 2000, Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark published Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, a book that introduced new ways of understanding and explaining the architecture of complex systems. This Special Issue of Industrial and Corporate Change celebrates... View Details
      Keywords: Complex Systems; Industry Structure; Systems Design; Complexity; Organizational Design; Competitive Strategy; Innovation and Management
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      Brusoni, Stefano, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam, and Melissa Schilling. "Introduction." Special Issue on The Power of Modularity: Twenty Years of Design Rules. Industrial and Corporate Change 32, no. 1 (February 2023): 1–10.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Credit and the Family: The Economic Consequences of Closing the Credit Gap of U.S. Couples

      By: Olivia S. Kim
      Marital property rights strengthen secondary earners’ economic power by giving them access to credit markets. I study how this crucial yet understudied feature of property laws influences household decision-making. The 2013 reversal of the Truth-in-Lending Act... View Details
      Keywords: Household; Credit; Equality and Inequality; Income; Policy; Family and Family Relationships
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      Kim, Olivia S. "Credit and the Family: The Economic Consequences of Closing the Credit Gap of U.S. Couples." Working Paper. (Job Market Paper, Revise & Resubmit, Journal of Political Economy.)
      • July 15, 2022
      • Article

      Does Elon Musk Have a Strategy?

      By: Andy Wu and Goran Calic
      Does Elon Musk have a strategy? Or is he just out there winging it? Looking at Musk’s many companies, common themes stand out across three areas: what fits into his vision for problems to solve, how he designs an organization as a solution to those problems, and why he... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Strategy; Vision; Resources; Organization; Platform; Closed Systems; Leadership; Complexity; Organizational Design; Vertical Integration; Problems and Challenges; Success; Auto Industry; Aerospace Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Energy Industry
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      Wu, Andy, and Goran Calic. "Does Elon Musk Have a Strategy?" Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (July 15, 2022).
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