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- September 2018
- Article
Do Experts or Crowd-Based Models Produce More Bias? Evidence from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia
By: Shane Greenstein and Feng Zhu
Organizations today can use both crowds and experts to produce knowledge. While prior work compares the accuracy of crowd-produced and expert-produced knowledge, we compare bias in these two models in the context of contested knowledge, which involves subjective,... View Details
Keywords: Online Community; Collective Intelligence; Wisdom Of Crowds; Bias; Wikipedia; Britannica; Knowledge Production; Knowledge Sharing; Knowledge Dissemination; Prejudice and Bias
Greenstein, Shane, and Feng Zhu. "Do Experts or Crowd-Based Models Produce More Bias? Evidence from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia." MIS Quarterly 42, no. 3 (September 2018): 945–959.
- May 2017
- Article
The Reference Wars: Encyclopædia Britannica's Decline and Encarta's Emergence
By: Shane Greenstein
The experience of Encyclopædia Britannica provides the canonical example of the decline of an established firm at the outset of the digital age. Competition from Microsoft’s Encarta in 1993 led to sharp declines in the sales of books, which led to the distressed sale... View Details
Keywords: Digital; Britannica; Diseconomies; Encyclopedias; Applications and Software; Books; Competition; Publishing Industry
Greenstein, Shane. "The Reference Wars: Encyclopædia Britannica's Decline and Encarta's Emergence." Strategic Management Journal 38, no. 5 (May 2017): 995–1017.
- 2016
- Working Paper
The Reference Wars: Encyclopedia Britannica's Decline and Encarta's Emergence
By: Shane Greenstein
The experience of Encyclopædia Britannica provides the canonical example of the decline of an established firm at the outset of the digital age. Competition from Microsoft's Encarta in 1993 led to sharp declines in the sales of books, which led to the distressed sale... View Details
Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Service Operations; Emerging Markets; Applications and Software; Books; Information Technology Industry; Information Industry
Greenstein, Shane. "The Reference Wars: Encyclopedia Britannica's Decline and Encarta's Emergence." Working Paper, April 2016.
- August 1995 (Revised December 1997)
- Case
Encyclopaedia Britannica (A)
Examines the growth of the CD-ROM publishing industry and its impact on the Encyclopaedia Britannica Co., which chose to ignore it. View Details
Keywords: Information Technology; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Publishing; Publishing Industry
Rayport, Jeffrey F., and Thomas A. Gerace. "Encyclopaedia Britannica (A)." Harvard Business School Case 396-051, August 1995. (Revised December 1997.)