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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (1,137)
      • Faculty Publications  (205)

      Board DecisionsRemove Board Decisions →

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      • June 2025
      • Case

      Transforming a Titan (A)

      By: George Serafeim and Lena Duchene
      Dimitri Papalexopoulos, fourth-generation CEO of TITAN Cement, must decide whether to keep leading the 120-year-old, family-controlled firm or hand the reins to new management. Over 26 years he has turned TITAN from a domestic player into an internationally diversified... View Details
      Keywords: AI; Artificial Intelligence; Digitalization; Digital; Family Firms; Leadership; Succession; Succession Planning; CEO Succession; CEO Role; Decarbonization; Resilience; Innovation; Organizational Transformations; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Family Business; Family Ownership; Climate Change; Transformation; Crisis Management; Industrial Products Industry; Construction Industry; Greece; Europe; United States
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      Serafeim, George, and Lena Duchene. "Transforming a Titan (A)." Harvard Business School Case 125-121, June 2025.
      • 2025
      • Chapter

      Critical Choices in Designing a Board: An Overview

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Lynn S. Paine

      Board design is never one-size-fits-all. It’s a series of critical choices—each with trade-offs—that can define how a board functions, governs, and delivers strategic value.

      That’s the premise of "Critical Choices in Designing a Board," a... View Details

      Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Lynn S. Paine. "Critical Choices in Designing a Board: An Overview." Chap. 3 in NYSE & JP Morgan, Public Company Series: Board Structure and Composition, edited by Joseph Hall and Stephen Byeff, 17–23. Public Company Series. Caxton Business & Legal, Inc., 2025.
      • June 2025
      • Case

      Vail Resorts: Responding to Activist Pressure (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
      On January 27, 2025, the head of a relatively small hedge fund named Late Apex Partners sent a highly critical letter to the board of directors of Vail Resorts, the world’s largest ski resort operator. In his letter, and the 88-slide presentation that accompanied his... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Finance; Capital Budgeting; Corporate Governance; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Leading Change; Valuation; Investment Activism; Climate Change; Management Succession; Financial Management; Risk Management; Business and Shareholder Relations; Sports Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Travel Industry; United States; Australia; Canada
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Vail Resorts: Responding to Activist Pressure (A)." Harvard Business School Case 225-082, June 2025.
      • April 2025 (Revised June 2025)
      • Case

      Governing Sustainability in a Shifting Context (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      In early 2025, boards of directors had to rethink corporate responsibility and sustainability efforts amid rapidly-shifting social, legal, regulatory, and economic forces. While just a few years earlier, calls to address racial justice and climate change reached into... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Corporate Governance; Diversity; Leadership; Business or Company Management; Mission and Purpose; Social Media; Race; Environmental Sustainability; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Lawfulness; Lawsuits and Litigation; Measurement and Metrics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations; Social Issues; Retail Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Banking Industry; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "Governing Sustainability in a Shifting Context (A)." Harvard Business School Case 325-121, April 2025. (Revised June 2025.)
      • December 2024
      • Article

      Proxy Advisory Firms and Corporate Shareholder Engagement

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Austin Starkweather and Joshua White
      We study how Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) affect firms’ engagement with shareholders. Our analyses exploit a quasi-natural experiment using say-on-pay voting outcomes near a threshold that triggers ISS to review engagement activities. Firms receiving ISS... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Shareholder Relations; Governing and Advisory Boards; Policy; Voting
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Austin Starkweather, and Joshua White. "Proxy Advisory Firms and Corporate Shareholder Engagement." Review of Financial Studies 37, no. 12 (December 2024): 3877–3931.
      • November–December 2024
      • Article

      Group Size and Its Impact on Diversity-Related Perceptions and Hiring Decisions in Homogeneous Groups

      By: Aneesh Rai, Edward H. Chang, Erika Kirgios and Katherine L. Milkman
      Why do some homogeneous groups face backlash for lacking diversity, whereas others escape censure? We show that a homogeneous group’s size changes how it is perceived and whether decision makers pursue greater diversity in its ranks. We theorize that people make... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Perception; Decision Making; Groups and Teams; Selection and Staffing; Size
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      Rai, Aneesh, Edward H. Chang, Erika Kirgios, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Group Size and Its Impact on Diversity-Related Perceptions and Hiring Decisions in Homogeneous Groups." Organization Science 35, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 1990–2015.
      • November 2024
      • Article

      Stakeholder Amnesia in M&A Deals

      By: Caley Petrucci and Guhan Subramanian
      Public companies have increasingly embraced environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in the course of everyday business. However, these ESG considerations are virtually non-existent in merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions. Elon Musk’s recent acquisition... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Governing and Advisory Boards; Mergers and Acquisitions
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      Petrucci, Caley, and Guhan Subramanian. "Stakeholder Amnesia in M&A Deals." Journal of Corporation Law 50, no. 1 (November 2024): 87–147.
      • October 2024
      • Teaching Plan

      Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble

      By: Lou Shipley and Stacy Straaberg
      In late March 2018, Teamworks CEO Zach Maurides learned Q1 2018 sales were at risk for a large forecasting miss. Founded in 2004, Teamworks’s software application assisted support staff in messaging, scheduling, and sharing documents with collegiate and professional... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Technological Innovation; Sports; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Sports Industry; Technology Industry; United States; North Carolina
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      Shipley, Lou, and Stacy Straaberg. "Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 825-003, October 2024.
      • September 2024
      • Case

      Topaz: Navigating Governance, Legacy, and Change

      By: Christina R. Wing and Carla Larangeira
      Since its founding in 2011, the Garza Sada brothers and their father positioned Topaz among leading family offices in Monterrey, Mexico, with several assets under management. Topaz aspired to have a transformative impact across multiple Mexican industries. An industry... View Details
      Keywords: Business Conglomerates; Family Business; Governing and Advisory Boards; Managerial Roles; Management Succession; Family Ownership; Corporate Governance; Organizational Structure; Adoption; Financial Services Industry; Real Estate Industry; Education Industry; Energy Industry; Latin America; Mexico
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      Wing, Christina R., and Carla Larangeira. "Topaz: Navigating Governance, Legacy, and Change." Harvard Business School Case 625-062, September 2024.
      • September 2024
      • Case

      Board Director Dilemmas: The Tradeoffs of Board Selection

      By: David G. Fubini, Suraj Srinivasan and Patrick Sanguineti
      After retiring from a long and successful career in financial auditing, Linda McGill looked forward to the prospect of joining a board. She felt the time was right to leverage the breadth of her experience while fulfilling one of her long-term goals. Though somewhat of... View Details
      Keywords: Board Decisions; Corporate Boards; Board Networks; Cost vs Benefits; Governing and Advisory Boards; Retirement
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      Fubini, David G., Suraj Srinivasan, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Board Director Dilemmas: The Tradeoffs of Board Selection." Harvard Business School Case 425-023, September 2024.
      • July 2024
      • Case

      Roja Garimella: Developing a Founder's Judgment

      By: Reza Satchu and Patrick Sanguineti
      Roja Garimella’s path to becoming a founder was anything but straight. Setting her sights on a career in medicine since childhood, she committed to medical school with her acceptance to college. And yet, throughout her studies, she continually explored alternative... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Personal Development and Career; Entrepreneurial Finance; Business Startups; Judgments; Financial Services Industry; Health Industry
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      Satchu, Reza, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Roja Garimella: Developing a Founder's Judgment." Harvard Business School Case 825-006, July 2024.
      • July 2024
      • Article

      Demographic 'Stickiness': The Demographic Identity of Departing Group Members Influences Who Is Chosen to Replace Them

      By: Edward H. Chang and Erika Kirgios
      People tasked with replacing a departing group member are disproportionately likely to choose a replacement with the same demographic identity, leading to demographic “stickiness” in group composition. We examine this effect in 2,163 U.S. federal judge appointments... View Details
      Keywords: Loss Aversion; Diversity; Race; Gender; Decisions
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      Chang, Edward H., and Erika Kirgios. "Demographic 'Stickiness': The Demographic Identity of Departing Group Members Influences Who Is Chosen to Replace Them." Management Science 70, no. 7 (July 2024): 4236–4259.
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (A)

      By: N. Louis Shipley and Stacy Straaberg
      In late March 2018, Teamworks CEO Zach Maurides learned Q1 2018 sales were at risk for a large forecasting miss. Founded in 2004, Teamworks’s software application assisted support staff in messaging, scheduling, and sharing documents with collegiate and professional... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Technological Innovation; Sports; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Sports Industry; Technology Industry; United States; North Carolina
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      Shipley, N. Louis, and Stacy Straaberg. "Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-057, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Supplement

      Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (B)

      By: N. Louis Shipley, Stacy Straaberg and Tom Quinn
      In late March 2018, Teamworks CEO Zach Maurides learned Q1 2018 sales were at risk for a large forecasting miss. Founded in 2004, Teamworks’s software application assisted support staff in messaging, scheduling, and sharing documents with collegiate and professional... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication Strategy; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Technological Innovation; Sports; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Valuation; Sports Industry; Technology Industry; United States; North Carolina
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      Shipley, N. Louis, Stacy Straaberg, and Tom Quinn. "Teamworks: Tackling a Forecasting Fumble (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 824-148, March 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      Governing OpenAI (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan and Will Hurwitz
      In late November 2023, OpenAI’s new board of directors took stock of the situation. The company, which sought to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI)—computer systems with capabilities exceeding human abilities—was looking to regain its footing after a chaotic... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Board Dynamics; Corporate Boards; Governance Changes; Governance Structure; Leadership Change; Legal Aspects Of Business; Nonprofit Governance; Strategy And Execution; Technological Change; AI and Machine Learning; Corporate Governance; Leadership; Management; Mission and Purpose; Technological Innovation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resignation and Termination; Ethics; Nonprofit Organizations; Open Source Distribution; Partners and Partnerships; Technology Industry; San Francisco; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, and Will Hurwitz. "Governing OpenAI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-103, March 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Chapter

      Managing for Organisational Integrity: My Take After Three Decades

      By: Lynn S. Paine
      This chapter revisits core ideas from my 1994 article “Managing for Organizational Integrity” and explores a critical issue not discussed in the article: the role of corporate boards. In the chapter, I first re-examine the article’s ideas about the origins of... View Details
      Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards; Ethics; Corporate Governance
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      Paine, Lynn S. "Managing for Organisational Integrity: My Take After Three Decades." Chap. 2 in Research Handbook on Organisational Integrity, edited by Muel Kaptein, 8–23. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024.
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Pioneer Natural Resources: Enhancing the Capital Return Strategy with Variable Dividends

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Elisabeth Kempf and E. Scott Mayfield
      In February 2021, Scott Sheffield, the CEO of Pioneer Natural Resources (an independent oil and gas company based in Texas), was considering the possibility of enhancing the firm’s capital return strategy by introducing a variable dividend tied to cash flows in... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Finance; Cash Flow; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Value Creation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Investment Return; Profit; Policy; Business and Shareholder Relations; Energy Industry; United States; North America; Texas
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Elisabeth Kempf, and E. Scott Mayfield. "Pioneer Natural Resources: Enhancing the Capital Return Strategy with Variable Dividends." Harvard Business School Case 224-001, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      OpenAI: Idealism Meets Capitalism

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
      In November 2023, the board of OpenAI, one of the most successful companies in the history of technology, decided to fire Sam Altman, its charismatic and influential CEO. Their decision shocked the corporate world and had people wondering why OpenAI had designed a... View Details
      Keywords: AI; AI and Machine Learning; Governing and Advisory Boards; Ethics; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Leadership
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "OpenAI: Idealism Meets Capitalism." Harvard Business School Case 824-134, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • October 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      McDonald's Board of Directors (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      In October 2019, the McDonald’s Corporation board of directors, chaired by Enrique Hernandez, Jr., gathered to learn the results of their outside counsel’s investigation into the conduct of the CEO. On the surface, the iconic fast-food chain was thriving as growing... View Details
      Keywords: Board Of Directors; Board Chair; Board Decisions; Business Ethics; Corporate Boards; Fast Food; Franchising; Legal Aspects Of Business; Legal Battle; Legal Settlement; Misconduct; Regulation; Reorganization; Restaurant Industry; Sexual Harassment; Shareholders; Stakeholder Management; Strategy And Execution; Turnaround; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Culture; Executive Compensation; Leadership; Management; Ethics; Governing and Advisory Boards; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Food and Beverage Industry; Illinois; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "McDonald's Board of Directors (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-044, October 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • September 2023 (Revised September 2024)
      • Technical Note

      Measuring and Managing Social Impact

      By: Brian Trelstad, Gerald Chertavian and Susan Pinckney
      A brief overview of how to measure social impact at nonprofits, social organizations, and impact investments. View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Change; Transformation; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Public Sector; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Fairness; Entrepreneurial Finance; Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Policy; Innovation and Management; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Management Practices and Processes; Resource Allocation; Measurement and Metrics; Standards; Strength and Weakness; Mission and Purpose; Success; Performance; Performance Evaluation; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Strategic Planning; Programs; Risk and Uncertainty; Social Enterprise; Non-Governmental Organizations; Social Issues; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Gerald Chertavian, and Susan Pinckney. "Measuring and Managing Social Impact." Harvard Business School Technical Note 324-017, September 2023. (Revised September 2024.)
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