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    • Research  (35)
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    • News  (21)
    • Research  (35)
  • Faculty Publications  (25)
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  • February 2022 (Revised March 2022)
  • Case

MicroStrategy's Investment in Bitcoin

By: C. Fritz Foley
At the end of the second quarter of 2020, MicroStrategy, a Virginia based provider of analytics software and services, announced plans to acquire and hold bitcoin as a part of the firm’s treasury reserve policy and corporate strategy. Within a year, the firm purchased... View Details
Keywords: Bitcoin; Corporate Strategy; Acquisition; Investment Portfolio; Capital Structure; Equity
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Foley, C. Fritz. "MicroStrategy's Investment in Bitcoin." Harvard Business School Case 222-048, February 2022. (Revised March 2022.)
  • May 2021 (Revised September 2021)
  • Case

Accounting for Bitcoin at Tesla

By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Siyu Zhang
On February 8, 2021, Tesla revealed, through its 10-K filing to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), that it had purchased $1.5 billion of Bitcoin, totaling 7.5% of the company’s cash, and that it planned to accept payments in the cryptocurrency soon. These... View Details
Keywords: Bitcoin; Accounting; Currency; Communication Intention and Meaning; Strategy; Investment Portfolio; Emerging Markets; Risk and Uncertainty; Value Creation
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Wang, Charles C.Y., and Siyu Zhang. "Accounting for Bitcoin at Tesla." Harvard Business School Case 121-074, May 2021. (Revised September 2021.)
  • February 2025 (Revised March 2025)
  • Case

Accounting for Bitcoin at Block

By: Charles C.Y. Wang, Seil Kim and Sa-Pyung Sean Shin
Abstract: This case explores Block Inc.'s accounting practices for Bitcoin transactions and their impact on financial reporting. Following a 10% stock price drop after missing revenue estimates in Q3 2024, Block faced scrutiny over its Bitcoin-driven revenue model.... View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Bitcoin
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Wang, Charles C.Y., Seil Kim, and Sa-Pyung Sean Shin. "Accounting for Bitcoin at Block." Harvard Business School Case 125-072, February 2025. (Revised March 2025.)
  • January 2023
  • Teaching Note

MicroStrategy’s Investment in Bitcoin

By: C. Fritz Foley, Celine Chammas and Donal O'Cofaigh
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 222-048. View Details
Keywords: Bitcoin; Corporate Strategy; Acquisition; Investment Portfolio; Capital Structure; Equity
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Foley, C. Fritz, Celine Chammas, and Donal O'Cofaigh. "MicroStrategy’s Investment in Bitcoin." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 223-065, January 2023.
  • March 2022 (Revised February 2024)
  • Case

El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender

By: Laura Alfaro, Carla Larangeira and Ruth Costas
In June 2021, Nayib Bukele, El Salvador’s president, surprised the world with the announcement that the country would adopt bitcoin as legal tender, becoming the first nation to do so. Bitcoin was mostly used for trading and had one of the most volatile track records... View Details
Keywords: Bitcoin; Cryptocurrency; Currency; Financial Strategy; Economic Growth; Governance; Macroeconomics; Assets; Latin America; El Salvador
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Alfaro, Laura, Carla Larangeira, and Ruth Costas. "El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender." Harvard Business School Case 322-055, March 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
  • October 2024
  • Teaching Note

El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender

By: Laura Alfaro
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 322-055. In June 2021, Nayib Bukele, El Salvador’s president, surprised the world with the announcement that the country would adopt bitcoin as legal tender, becoming the first nation to do so. Bitcoin was mostly used for trading and had... View Details
Keywords: Bitcoin; Cryptocurrency; Currency; Financial Strategy; Economic Growth; Governance; Macroeconomics; Assets; Government Administration; Latin America; El Salvador
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Alfaro, Laura. "El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 325-005, October 2024.
  • 02 Oct 2014
  • Working Paper Summaries

Bitcoin

Keywords: by Rainer Böhme, Nicolas Christin, Benjamin Edelman & Tyler Moore; Banking
  • Article

Bitcoin and Beyond

By: Christian Catalini, Ravi Jagadeesan and Scott Duke Kominers
From the growing attention to Bitcoin and "decentralized finance" to the latest excitement spurred by non-fungible tokens, the crypto economy is here to stay. But will it develop the social consensus and institutional arrangements needed to go fully mainstream? View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Crypto Economy; Finance; Currency
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Catalini, Christian, Ravi Jagadeesan, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Bitcoin and Beyond." Project Syndicate (April 23, 2021).
  • 02 Oct 2017
  • What Do You Think?

Do Bitcoin and Digital Currency Have a Future?

Credit:  pixelfit SUMMING UP How Will Digital Currencies Be Regulated? Blockchain technology has a brighter future than most digital currencies in general and Bitcoin in particular, judging from responses to this month’s column. It’s also... View Details
Keywords: by James L. Heskett; Financial Services
  • December 2021 (Revised October 2023)
  • Teaching Note

Accounting for Bitcoin at Tesla

By: Charles C.Y. Wang
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Wang, Charles C.Y. "Accounting for Bitcoin at Tesla." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 122-030, December 2021. (Revised October 2023.)
  • February 2022
  • Supplement

MicroStrategy's Investment in Bitcoin Excel Supplement

By: C. Fritz Foley
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Foley, C. Fritz. "MicroStrategy's Investment in Bitcoin Excel Supplement." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 222-711, February 2022.
  • September 2015
  • Case

Xapo and Paving the Way for Bitcoin

By: William A. Sahlman and Lauren Barley
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Sahlman, William A., and Lauren Barley. "Xapo and Paving the Way for Bitcoin." Harvard Business School Case 816-022, September 2015.
  • April 2019 (Revised February 2020)
  • Case

Ripple: The Business of Crypto

By: David B. Yoffie and George Gonzalez
The case explores Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse’s mission to disrupt the global payments industry by leveraging the cryptocurrency XRP. Students will learn about Bitcoin and the blockchain industry, as well as Ripple’s unique crypto business model. The case provides an... View Details
Keywords: Payment Systems; Cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; Blockchain; Fintech; Business Startups; Business Model; Disruption; Strategy; Banking Industry; Technology Industry
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Yoffie, David B., and George Gonzalez. "Ripple: The Business of Crypto." Harvard Business School Case 719-506, April 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
  • May 2022
  • Article

Coins for Bombs: The Predictive Ability of On-Chain Transfers for Terrorist Attacks

By: Dan Amiram, Evgeny Lyandres and Daniel Rabetti
This study examines whether we can learn from the behavior of blockchain-based transfers to predict the financing of terrorist attacks. We exploit blockchain transaction transparency to map millions of transfers for hundreds of large on-chain service providers. The... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Bitcoin; Accounting; AI and Machine Learning; National Security; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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Amiram, Dan, Evgeny Lyandres, and Daniel Rabetti. "Coins for Bombs: The Predictive Ability of On-Chain Transfers for Terrorist Attacks." Journal of Accounting Research 60, no. 2 (May 2022): 427–466.
  • December 2019 (Revised February 2024)
  • Teaching Note

Ripple: The Business of Crypto and Ripple 2023

By: David B. Yoffie
The case explores Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse’s mission to disrupt the global payments industry by leveraging the cryptocurrency XRP. Students will learn about Bitcoin and the blockchain industry, as well as Ripple’s unique crypto business model. The case provides an... View Details
Keywords: Payment Systems; Cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; Blockchain; Fintech; Business Startups; Business Model; Disruption; Strategy
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Yoffie, David B. "Ripple: The Business of Crypto and Ripple 2023." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 720-418, December 2019. (Revised February 2024.)
  • April 2022
  • Supplement

MicroStrategy: Accounting for Cryptocurrency (B)

By: Jonas Heese and Annelena Lobb
In early 2022, the technology firm MicroStrategy unveiled a series of letters with the SEC that questioned its accounting practices around its holdings of Bitcoin. Since 2020, the firm had shifted its strategy to include not just selling software but buying and holding... View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; Holding Structures; SEC; Accounting; Finance; Financial Strategy; Technology Industry
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Heese, Jonas, and Annelena Lobb. "MicroStrategy: Accounting for Cryptocurrency (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 122-079, April 2022.
  • April 2018 (Revised July 2018)
  • Case

Maersk: Betting on Blockchain

By: Rajiv Lal and Scott Johnson
In March 2018, international shipping giant Maersk is getting ready to debut a trade digitization platform. Maersk hopes the platform will help streamline global trade since shipping goods internationally is an extraordinarily complicated and inefficient process.... View Details
Keywords: Maersk; IBM; Blockchain; Shipping; Shipping Line; Trade; Bitcoin; Digitization; Container Shipping; Joint Ventures; Ship Transportation; Transportation Networks; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Applications and Software; Shipping Industry; Technology Industry
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Lal, Rajiv, and Scott Johnson. "Maersk: Betting on Blockchain." Harvard Business School Case 518-089, April 2018. (Revised July 2018.)
  • October 2017 (Revised January 2018)
  • Case

Bitfury: Blockchain for Government

By: Mitchell Weiss and Elena Corsi
In the Republic of Georgia, legend had it their land was a precious gift from God he had intended to keep for his mother. But over time, the land had been under intermittent threat from without and within. In 2017, the Bitfury Group, which Valery Vavilov had... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Bitcoin; Cryptocurrency; Public Entrepreneurship; Public Innovation; Government Innovation; Property Rights; Property Registry; Technology Strategy; Distributed Networks; Entrepreneurship; Public Sector; Innovation and Invention; Technology Adoption; Business and Government Relations; Technology Industry; Real Estate Industry; Public Administration Industry; Georgia (nation, Asia); Tbilisi
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Weiss, Mitchell, and Elena Corsi. "Bitfury: Blockchain for Government." Harvard Business School Case 818-031, October 2017. (Revised January 2018.)
  • 2023
  • Working Paper

The Effects of Cryptocurrency Wealth on Household Consumption and Investment

By: Darren Aiello, Scott R. Baker, Tetyana Balyuk, Marco Di Maggio, Mark J. Johnson and Jason Kotter
This paper uses transaction-level data across millions of accounts to identify cryptocurrency investors and evaluate how fluctuations in individual crypto wealth affect household consumption, equity investment, and local real estate markets. We estimate an MPC out of... View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Marginal Propensity To Consume; Household Balance Sheet; Real Estate; Etherium; Bitcoin; Investment; Housing; Spending
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Aiello, Darren, Scott R. Baker, Tetyana Balyuk, Marco Di Maggio, Mark J. Johnson, and Jason Kotter. "The Effects of Cryptocurrency Wealth on Household Consumption and Investment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-077, June 2023.
  • 17 Aug 2023
  • Research & Ideas

‘Not a Bunch of Weirdos’: Why Mainstream Investors Buy Crypto

in crypto’s popularity The heart of the paper sought to answer a fundamental question: Who invests in crypto? Among the findings: Booming interest in Bitcoin in 2017 drove new investors into cryptocurrency at a rate of about 10,000 people... View Details
Keywords: by Ben Rand
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