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      • January 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Target Malaria: Editing Mosquitoes through Gene Drives

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
      Target Malaria, a non-profit research consortium, is exploring the application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to combat malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its approach uses gene drives, a revolutionary tool, to suppress the population of malaria-carrying... View Details
      Keywords: Health Disorders; Technological Innovation; Nonprofit Organizations; Business Strategy; Genetics; Ethics; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; United States; United Kingdom; Burkina Faso; Africa
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "Target Malaria: Editing Mosquitoes through Gene Drives." Harvard Business School Case 824-068, January 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Generation Investment Management: Sustainable Investing in a Warming World

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, Michael Norris and David Allen
      In September 2021, the sustainable investment firm Generation Investment Management (Generation) considered whether to add Schneider Electric to the focus list of companies in which it was prepared to invest. Dedicated to promoting a sustainable world through its... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainable Investing; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Governance; Private Equity; Public Equity; Financial Markets; Investment Return; Investment Activism; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Institutional Investing; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Services Industry; United Kingdom; England; London
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., Michael Norris, and David Allen. "Generation Investment Management: Sustainable Investing in a Warming World." Harvard Business School Case 324-043, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • 2024
      • Article

      Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities

      By: Shirley Lu and Anya Nakhmurina
      Adaptation is critical in reducing the inevitable impact of climate change. Here we study cities’ adaptation to elevated flood risk by introducing a linguistic measure of adaptation extracted from financial disclosures of 431 US cities over 2013–2020. While cities with... View Details
      Keywords: City; Natural Disasters; Climate Change; Adaptation; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategic Planning
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      Lu, Shirley, and Anya Nakhmurina. "Financial Constraints and Short-Term Planning Are Linked to Flood Risk Adaptation Gaps in U.S. Cities." Art. 43. Communications Earth & Environment 5 (2024).
      • January 2024
      • Case

      Flashfood: The Magic of Commitment

      By: Reza Satchu and Patrick Sanguineti
      Josh Domingues had accomplished what countless young entrepreneurs long to achieve: founding a promising company that aspires to make the world a tangibly better place. Shocked to learn that international food waste cumulatively amounted to the world’s third largest... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneur; Founder; Startup; Business Model; Business Startups; Food; Applications and Software; Mission and Purpose; Environmental Sustainability; Canada
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      Satchu, Reza, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Flashfood: The Magic of Commitment." Harvard Business School Case 824-131, January 2024.
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      TPG Rise Climate: Deploying 'Climate Capital'

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, David Allen, Sarah Mehta and Shannon Roche
      This case is about TPG Rise Climate, a $7.3 billion climate impact fund launched in 2021 by alternative asset manager TPG. Climate investing is a complex, capital-intensive endeavor; entering it has forced TPG to think and act differently. Relative to other funds, Rise... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Environmental Management; Ownership; Science; Value; Asset Management; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Financial Markets; Financial Services Industry; California; San Francisco; New York (city, NY)
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., David Allen, Sarah Mehta, and Shannon Roche. "TPG Rise Climate: Deploying 'Climate Capital'." Harvard Business School Case 824-077, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Course Overview Note

      Managing Customers for Growth: Course Overview for Students

      By: Eva Ascarza
      Managing Customers for Growth (MCG) is a 14-session elective course for second-year MBA students at Harvard Business School. It is designed for business professionals engaged in roles centered on customer-driven growth activities. The course explores the dynamics of... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Decision Making; Analytics and Data Science; Growth Management; Telecommunications Industry; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; Education Industry; Travel Industry
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      Ascarza, Eva. "Managing Customers for Growth: Course Overview for Students." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 524-032, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      PortageBay and ESG Analytics

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi and Radhika Kak
      In 2023, sustainable investors faced several challenges. The first was the lack of access to standardized and vetted environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data, and equally, the interpretation of this data into investment-useful insights. Reducing reliance on... View Details
      Keywords: ESG Ratings; Investment Funds; Governance; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Radhika Kak. "PortageBay and ESG Analytics." Harvard Business School Case 324-065, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Technical Note

      Computer Science for Strategists

      By: Andy Wu and Matt Higgins
      Two of the most important computer science principles in the technology industry are abstraction and platformization. Our aim with this note is to explain these concepts in an approachable way that brings managers and computer scientists a little closer together. View Details
      Keywords: Strategist; Computer Science; Strategy; Management Practices and Processes
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      Wu, Andy, and Matt Higgins. "Computer Science for Strategists." Harvard Business School Technical Note 724-429, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • January 2024
      • Article

      Helping Children Catch Up: Early Life Shocks and the PROGRESA Experiment

      By: Achyuta Adhvaryu, Theresa Molina, Anant Nyshadham and Jorge Tamayo
      Can investing in children who faced adverse events in early childhood help them catch up? We answer this question using two orthogonal sources of variation – resource availability at birth (local rainfall) and cash incentives for school enrollment – to identify the... View Details
      Keywords: Children; Outcome or Result; Welfare; Early Childhood Education; Weather
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      Adhvaryu, Achyuta, Theresa Molina, Anant Nyshadham, and Jorge Tamayo. "Helping Children Catch Up: Early Life Shocks and the PROGRESA Experiment." Economic Journal 134, no. 657 (January 2024): 1–22.
      • 2024
      • Report

      The Eco-Digital EraTM: The Dual Transition to a Sustainable and Digital Economy

      By: Suraj Srinivasan, Andy Feinstein, Amol Khadikar, Jiani Zhang, Noémie Lauer, Hiral Shah, Sally Epstein, Jerome Buvat and Vaishnavee Ananth
      Since the proliferation of smartphones and social media in the late 2000s, digital has captured an increasingly large portion of the economy. In this Capgemini Research Institute report, The Eco-Digital EraTM: The dual transition to a sustainable and... View Details
      Keywords: Technology Adoption; Digital Transformation; Environmental Sustainability; Trends
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, Andy Feinstein, Amol Khadikar, Jiani Zhang, Noémie Lauer, Hiral Shah, Sally Epstein, Jerome Buvat, and Vaishnavee Ananth. "The Eco-Digital EraTM: The Dual Transition to a Sustainable and Digital Economy." Report, Capgemini Research Institute, January 2024.
      • December 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Manufacturing Moderna's Future

      By: Satish Tadikonda and William Marks
      In 2019, Moderna faced long odds of survival having failed to develop a successful clinical program out of the vast platform technology they had built around mRNA. Nearly overnight, the company skyrocketed to success with a vaccine for COVID-19, leading to an extremely... View Details
      Keywords: Health Pandemics; Health Testing and Trials; Technological Innovation; Product Development; Production; Science-Based Business; Biotechnology Industry
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      Tadikonda, Satish, and William Marks. "Manufacturing Moderna's Future." Harvard Business School Case 824-076, December 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach

      By: Ta-Wei Huang and Eva Ascarza
      As firms increasingly rely on customer data for personalization, concerns over privacy and regulatory compliance have grown. Local Differential Privacy (LDP) offers strong individual-level protection by injecting noise into data before collection. While... View Details
      Keywords: Targeted Intervention; Conditional Average Treatment Effect Estimation; Differential Privacy; Honest Estimation; Post-processing; Analytics and Data Science; Consumer Behavior; Marketing
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      Huang, Ta-Wei, and Eva Ascarza. "Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-034, December 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • December 2023
      • Case

      Raízen: Helping to Decarbonize the World?

      By: Gunnar Trumbull, Pedro Levindo, Daniel Tong and Rafaella Mazza
      Raízen, the world’s largest sugar and ethanol producer, strived to find ways to expand the second-generation ethanol (E2G) market, which it pioneered. The company planned to invest R$24 billion (around $4.6 billion) in 20 production plants, with a total capacity to... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Factories, Labs, and Plants; Renewable Energy; Environmental Sustainability; Production; Expansion; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Energy Industry; Brazil; Europe; North America; United States; Argentina; Paraguay
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      Trumbull, Gunnar, Pedro Levindo, Daniel Tong, and Rafaella Mazza. "Raízen: Helping to Decarbonize the World?" Harvard Business School Case 724-014, December 2023.
      • December 2023 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      Boortmalt: The Master Maltster

      By: Forest Reinhardt, Jose B Alvarez, Damien McLoughlin, Lena Duchene and Emer Moloney
      By May 2023, Boortmalt was the world’s leading producer of malt, with a production capacity of 3 million tonnes, 15% of global market share, and 27 malting plants across five continents. It had recently acquired a major competitor and had sustained an EBITDA growth of... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Mergers and Acquisitions; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Values and Beliefs; Financing and Loans; Employee Relationship Management; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation Leadership; Knowledge Sharing; Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Style; Resource Allocation; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Strategic Planning; Environmental Sustainability; Organizational Culture; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Belgium; Europe
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      Reinhardt, Forest, Jose B Alvarez, Damien McLoughlin, Lena Duchene, and Emer Moloney. "Boortmalt: The Master Maltster." Harvard Business School Case 724-021, December 2023. (Revised July 2024.)
      • December 2023
      • Case

      Santa Elena: Table Grape Production in Chile's Water-Challenged Regions

      By: Forest Reinhardt, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      In the fiscal year ending in September 2022, Santa Elena, Chile’s fifth-ranking table grape exporter, a grape producer and exporter since 1980, had exported around 3.5 million boxes (18-pound each). But, due to a 13-year-long drought that plagued table grape-growing... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Natural Resources; Food; Environmental Law; Problems and Challenges; Weather; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Chile; South America; Latin America
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      Reinhardt, Forest, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Santa Elena: Table Grape Production in Chile's Water-Challenged Regions." Harvard Business School Case 724-019, December 2023.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset

      By: Junling Liu, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu and Michael Lingzhi Li
      Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have transformed the field of question answering (QA). However, evaluating LLMs in the medical field is challenging due to the lack of standardized and comprehensive datasets. To address this gap, we introduce CMExam,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Health Industry
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      Liu, Junling, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • 2023
      • Other Article

      The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications

      By: Mirac Suzgun, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers and Stuart Shieber
      Innovation is a major driver of economic and social development, and information about many kinds of innovation is embedded in semi-structured data from patents and patent applications. Though the impact and novelty of innovations expressed in patent data are difficult... View Details
      Keywords: USPTO; Natural Language Processing; Classification; Summarization; Patent Novelty; Patent Trolls; Patent Enforceability; Patents; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science
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      Suzgun, Mirac, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers, and Stuart Shieber. "The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Gabon Special Economic Zone

      By: John Macomber and Wale Lawal
      Tropical rain forest covers about 80% of the West African nation of Gabon, part of the Congo Basin and the "lungs of the world." Gabon is one of the first nations to earn revenue from carbon sequestration...as long as the rain forest remains intact. There are... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Development; Forestry; Wood; Carbon Credits; Supply Chain; Economic Growth; Developing Countries and Economies; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Government Administration; Business and Government Relations; Strategy; Forest Products Industry; Africa; Gabon
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      Macomber, John, and Wale Lawal. "Gabon Special Economic Zone." Harvard Business School Case 224-012, November 2023.
      • November 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      BiomX: Bringing Phage Back to the Stage

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Elie Ofek, Orna Dan and Emilie Billaud
      In the spring of 2023, and following the favorable results of a trial involving its phage cocktail for treating lung infections among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the leadership of BiomX had several critical issues to wrestle with. First, given its precarious... View Details
      Keywords: Working Capital; Financing and Loans; Health Testing and Trials; Product Development; Research and Development; Science-Based Business; Commercialization; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Gompers, Paul A., Elie Ofek, Orna Dan, and Emilie Billaud. "BiomX: Bringing Phage Back to the Stage." Harvard Business School Case 524-051, November 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised November 2024)
      • Case

      Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maersk (A)

      By: Willy Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Container shipping was responsible for moving more than 80% of globally traded goods, and almost 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. A.P. Møller-Maersk, one of the top three container lines, conducted an extensive lifecycle assessment (LCA) of alternative fuels,... View Details
      Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Energy Sources; Environmental Sustainability; Ship Transportation; Shipping Industry
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      Shih, Willy, Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maersk (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-049, November 2023. (Revised November 2024.)
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