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      Sustaining InnovationRemove Sustaining Innovation →

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      • January 2019 (Revised February 2019)
      • Supplement

      The a2 Milk Company

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Daniel Fisher and Greg Saldutte
      The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and... View Details
      Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Market Entry and Exit; Disruption; Innovation and Invention; Five Forces Framework; Consumer Products Industry; New Zealand; Australia; China
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Daniel Fisher, and Greg Saldutte. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 719-804, January 2019. (Revised February 2019.)
      • 2019
      • Book

      Creative Construction: The DNA of Sustained Innovation

      By: Gary P. Pisano
      Creative Construction tackles the myth that larger enterprises are inherently incapable of transformative innovation and are doomed to be disrupted by nimble start-ups. If larger enterprises seem incapable of transformative innovation, it is due to how we design... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Business Growth and Maturation; Innovation Strategy; Organizational Culture; Management Systems; Creativity; Leading Change
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      Pisano, Gary P. Creative Construction: The DNA of Sustained Innovation. New York: PublicAffairs, 2019.
      • October 2018 (Revised August 2023)
      • Case

      Safecast: Bootstrapping Human Capital to Big Data

      By: Ethan Bernstein and Stephanie Marton
      On March 11, 2011, at 2:46pm, a 9.1-on-the-Richter-scale, six-minute long earthquake unleashed a tsunami that ravaged the Tohoku region of Japan, damaging the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power facility and releasing sufficient radioactive material into the air and ocean... View Details
      Keywords: Citizen Science; Creative Commons; Open Data; Open Architecture; Volunteer-based Organization; Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Facility; 311; Nuclear; Radiation; Crowdsourcing; Bgeigie; Geiger Counters; Kickstarter; Sustainability; Sustainable Business And Innovation; Design; Energy Generation; Social Entrepreneurship; Human Capital; Innovation and Invention; Crisis Management; Organizational Structure; Organizational Design; Information Technology; Business Model; Energy Industry; Technology Industry; Japan; North and Central America; Europe
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      Bernstein, Ethan, and Stephanie Marton. "Safecast: Bootstrapping Human Capital to Big Data." Harvard Business School Case 419-033, October 2018. (Revised August 2023.)
      • October 2018
      • Supplement

      JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (B)

      By: George Serafeim and David Freiberg
      The case outlines JetBlue's decision to disclose according to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards and the ESG metrics they began reporting. Data on resulting changes in institutional ownership are also provided. View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Metrics; Leadership And Change Management; Airlines; Innovation; Purpose; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainability Reporting; Change Management; Leadership; Mission and Purpose; Financial Reporting
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 119-044, October 2018.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Incentive Power and Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: Evidence from the Field

      By: Wei Cai, Susanna Gallani and Jee-Eun Shin
      There is consensus, both in the literature and in practice, about knowledge sharing within organizations being a key determinant of success. However, organizations struggle to sustain employees’ engagement in knowledge sharing. One challenge lies in the fact that,... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Knowledge Sharing; Employee Driven Innovation; Innovation Appropriability; Contract Design; High-powered Incentives; Low-powered Incentives; Incentives; Pay-for-Performance; Rank-and-file; Employees; Knowledge Sharing; Innovation and Invention; Motivation and Incentives; Creativity; Performance
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      Cai, Wei, Susanna Gallani, and Jee-Eun Shin. "Incentive Power and Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: Evidence from the Field." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-015, August 2018. (Revised April 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      The Creative Consulting Company

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Richard Nolan and David P. Norton
      During the past 50 years, several consulting companies introduced important new ideas that extended management theory and improved management practice. This paper draws upon public sources and the authors’ personal experiences to describe how three management... View Details
      Keywords: Management; Theory; Practice; Performance Improvement; Innovation and Management; Consulting Industry
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Richard Nolan, and David P. Norton. "The Creative Consulting Company." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-001, July 2018.
      • March 2018
      • Supplement

      Chaudhary Group: Rebuilding Nepal (B)

      By: Christopher J. Malloy, Lauren H. Cohen and Inakshi Sobti
      Supplements the (A) case. Having successfully spearheaded relief work in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake, the Chaudhary Foundation envisions creating a more comprehensive and sustainable development model. They are keen to build a model village that integrates... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Family Business; Decision Choices and Conditions; Developing Countries and Economies; Social Entrepreneurship; Values and Beliefs; Venture Capital; Microfinance; Geographic Location; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Management; Crisis Management; Management Teams; Resource Allocation; Business and Community Relations; Business and Government Relations; Natural Disasters; Social and Collaborative Networks; Social Issues; Business Strategy; Consumer Products Industry; Banking Industry; Auto Industry; Real Estate Industry; Travel Industry; Nepal
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      Malloy, Christopher J., Lauren H. Cohen, and Inakshi Sobti. "Chaudhary Group: Rebuilding Nepal (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 218-110, March 2018.
      • February 2018 (Revised March 2018)
      • Case

      Artificial Intelligence and the Machine Learning Revolution in Finance: Cogent Labs and the Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

      By: Lauren Cohen, Christopher Malloy and William Powley
      This case examines the intersection of two firms (Cogent Labs—a machine learning software firm in Tokyo; and Google, the technology infrastructure giant) attempting to exploit the benefits of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the financial services... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Finance; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Model; Applications and Software; Infrastructure; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Cohen, Lauren, Christopher Malloy, and William Powley. "Artificial Intelligence and the Machine Learning Revolution in Finance: Cogent Labs and the Google Cloud Platform (GCP)." Harvard Business School Case 218-080, February 2018. (Revised March 2018.)
      • January 2018
      • Case

      Environmental Technology Fund Partners and E-Leather

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi and Aldo Sesia
      It is 2014 and Environmental Technologies Fund (ETF) Partners, a UK-based venture capital firm, has an opportunity to invest in a privately held UK company that manufactured engineered composition leather extracted from waste leather using an environmentally friendly... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Venture Capital; Investment Strategy; Investment; Strategy; Ownership; Valuation; Energy Conservation; Equity; Technological Innovation; Environmental Sustainability; Performance Efficiency; Manufacturing Industry; Financial Services Industry; United Kingdom
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Aldo Sesia. "Environmental Technology Fund Partners and E-Leather." Harvard Business School Case 318-001, January 2018.
      • November 2017 (Revised June 2019)
      • Case

      Measuring True Value at Ambuja Cement

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan, Suraj Srinivasan and Namrata Arora
      The case discusses the measurement of social and environmental impact at Ambuja Cements, one of India’s leading cement companies. Ambuja is a leader in CSR activities and is attempting to quantify its impact, both positive and negative, using the “True Value” framework... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Value; Measurement and Metrics; Framework; Cost vs Benefits
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, Suraj Srinivasan, and Namrata Arora. "Measuring True Value at Ambuja Cement." Harvard Business School Case 518-063, November 2017. (Revised June 2019.)
      • November 2017
      • Case

      Passion and Strategy: Novozymes' Embrace of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

      By: Andy Zelleke and Emilie Billaud
      This case explores the sustainability efforts at Novozymes, the world's largest and oldest producer of industrial enzymes. In 2015, the Danish company became the world’s first company known to have crafted a new corporate strategy based on the United Nations... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Transformation; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Business and Shareholder Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Business Strategy; Organizational Culture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Biotechnology Industry; Europe; Denmark
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      Zelleke, Andy, and Emilie Billaud. "Passion and Strategy: Novozymes' Embrace of the UN Sustainable Development Goals." Harvard Business School Case 318-088, November 2017.
      • November 2017 (Revised April 2019)
      • Case

      Summa Equity: Building Purpose-Driven Organizations

      By: George Serafeim
      In 2015, Reynir Indahl left top Nordic private equity firm Altor Equity Partners to found Summa Equity (Summa). After long contemplation following the financial crisis, Indahl was convinced the financial system was producing negative externalities and that the current... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Purpose; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Social Impact; Investment Management; Management Practices; Innovation; Voice; Environmental Impact; Private Equity; Social Enterprise; Finance; Capital Markets; Management Practices and Processes; Innovation Leadership; Leadership; Innovation and Management; Entrepreneurship; Mission and Purpose; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry; Norway; Sweden; Scandinavia
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "Summa Equity: Building Purpose-Driven Organizations." Harvard Business School Case 118-028, November 2017. (Revised April 2019.)
      • October 2017 (Revised October 2022)
      • Case

      JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (A)

      By: George Serafeim
      In 2017, JetBlue, the airline founded on the mission to “bring humanity back to air travel,” was considering becoming one of the first companies to report its sustainability performance according to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards. SASB... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Metrics; Leadership And Change Management; Airlines; Innovation; Purpose; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainability Reporting; Change Management; Leadership; Financial Reporting; Environmental Sustainability; Mission and Purpose; Reports; Competitive Strategy; Measurement and Metrics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (A)." Harvard Business School Case 118-030, October 2017. (Revised October 2022.)
      • September 2017 (Revised December 2017)
      • Case

      Hulu: Redefining the Way People Experience TV

      By: Henry W. McGee and Christine Snively
      In May 2017, Hulu CEO Mike Hopkins announced the launch of Hulu Live TV, a new offering that would "change the way people experience TV." The new service would allow consumers to bypass traditional cable and satellite delivery and use the Internet to access live... View Details
      Keywords: Television Industry; Internet; Television Entertainment; Internet and the Web; Disruptive Innovation; Competitive Strategy; Price; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry
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      McGee, Henry W., and Christine Snively. "Hulu: Redefining the Way People Experience TV." Harvard Business School Case 318-002, September 2017. (Revised December 2017.)
      • July 2017 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      Sampark Foundation: Transforming Primary Education in India

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan and Shweta Bagai
      Founders Vineet and Anupama Nayar had rapidly scaled their foundation to reach 3 million primary school children (grades 1 to 3) in two states with math and English programs. Their goal was to reach 10 million children by 2025 and completely spend down the $100 million... View Details
      Keywords: Nonprofit Management; K-12 Education; Frugal Innovation; Government Partnership; Impact; Developing Countries; Education; Decision Choices and Conditions; Growth and Development Strategy; Business and Government Relations; Outcome or Result; India
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, and Shweta Bagai. "Sampark Foundation: Transforming Primary Education in India." Harvard Business School Case 518-006, July 2017. (Revised September 2017.)
      • Article

      Managing Climate Change: Lessons from the U.S. Navy

      By: Forest Reinhardt and Michael W. Toffel
      The U.S. Navy operates on the front lines of climate change. It manages tens of billions of dollars in assets on every continent and on every ocean, which take many years to design and build and then have decades of useful life. This means that it needs to understand... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environment; Military; Disaster Relief; Refugees; Environmental Impact; Environmental Strategy; Sustainability; Energy; Energy Conservation; Energy Sources; Energy Generation; Globalization; Innovation and Invention; Leadership; Strategic Planning; Problems and Challenges; Risk and Uncertainty; Supply Chain; Operations; Logistics; Infrastructure; Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Service Industry
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      Reinhardt, Forest, and Michael W. Toffel. "Managing Climate Change: Lessons from the U.S. Navy." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 4 (July–August 2017): 102–111.
      • June 2017 (Revised May 2018)
      • Supplement

      Hilti Fleet Management Video Supplements

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Oliver Gassmann and Roman Sauer
      This case explores the introduction of fleet management in the construction industry by the premium power tools manufacturer Hilti in 2000. Following its customers’ needs, Hilti moved from selling power tools to leasing them as a service. The introduction of the new... View Details
      Keywords: Hilti; Business Model Innovation; Fleet Management; Decision-making; Implementation; Power Tools Industry; Europe; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Business Model; Restructuring; Transformation; Transition; Customer Value and Value Chain; Construction; Leasing; Strategy; Decision Making; Construction Industry; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Germany; Austria; Europe; United States; Asia; Brazil; China; Latin America; North America; Africa; Japan; Hong Kong
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Oliver Gassmann, and Roman Sauer. "Hilti Fleet Management Video Supplements." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 717-808, June 2017. (Revised May 2018.)
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Return on invested capital (ROIC) is a financial measure of the profitability of a firm or business unit. If it is greater than the business's cost of capital, then reinvestment of earnings increases shareholder VALUE. The ROIC also determines a maximum self-sustaining... View Details
      Keywords: Capital Efficiency; Dupont Analysis; Financial Metrics; Schumpeterian Competition; Sustainable Growth; Competitive Advantage; Financial Strategy; Resource Allocation; Valuation; Value Creation
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management. Continuously updated edition, edited by Mie Augier and David J. Teece. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Electronic. (Pre-published, October 2013.)
      • May 2017
      • Teaching Note

      Hilti Fleet Management (A) and (B)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Oliver Gassmann and Roman Sauer
      These notes are meant to accompany Hilti Fleet Management (A): Turning a Successful Business Model on Its Head (717-427) and Hilti Fleet Management (B): Towards a New Business Model (717-465).
      This case explores the introduction of fleet management in the... View Details
      Keywords: Hilti; Business Model Innovation; BMI; Fleet Management; Decision-making; Implementation; Power Tools Industry; Europe; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Business Model; Restructuring; Transformation; Transition; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Focus and Relationships; Construction; Innovation and Invention; Leasing; Strategy; Decision Making; Growth Management; Construction Industry; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Germany; Austria; Europe; United States; Asia; Brazil; China; Latin America; Africa; Japan; Hong Kong; France; Italy; Spain
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Oliver Gassmann, and Roman Sauer. "Hilti Fleet Management (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 717-507, May 2017.
      • May 2017 (Revised September 2018)
      • Case

      Hilti Fleet Management (A): Turning a Successful Business Model on Its Head

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Oliver Gassmann and Roman Sauer
      This case explores the introduction of fleet management in the construction industry by the premium power tools manufacturer Hilti in 2000. Following its customers’ needs, Hilti moved from selling power tools to leasing them as a service. The introduction of the new... View Details
      Keywords: Hilti; Business Model Innovation; BMI; Fleet Management; Decision-making; Implementation; Power Tools Industry; Business Model; Restructuring; Transformation; Transition; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Focus and Relationships; Construction; Innovation and Invention; Leasing; Strategy; Decision Making; Construction Industry; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Germany; Austria; Europe; United States; Asia; Brazil; China; Japan; Hong Kong
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Oliver Gassmann, and Roman Sauer. "Hilti Fleet Management (A): Turning a Successful Business Model on Its Head." Harvard Business School Case 717-427, May 2017. (Revised September 2018.)
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